United States Budgets Billions of Dollars for Space Exploration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 711 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Space Exploration Essay Did you like this example? Have you wondered why United States budgets billions of dollars annually for space exploration? Space exploration involves the physical examination of the cosmos by means of humans and robotic spacecrafts. It provides us with a valuable knowledge and understanding about matters and phenomenon in the universe that is used for human benefit. Moreover, space exploration is a capital-intensive project that requires a huge amount of human resource to implement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "United States Budgets Billions of Dollars for Space Exploration" essay for you Create order Although it may be expensive, there are enormous benefits of space exploration that protect and improve the quality of life on the earth. One of the primary benefits of Space exploration is that it led to the invention of weather and communication satellites. To begin with, weather satellites are used to monitor signs of climate change and natural disaster. Besides, it helps us to understand the process and impacts of weather variability. According to Kristine Rainey, An imaging system aboard the station, ISS SERVIR Environmental Research, and Visualization System (ISERV), captured photographs of Earth from space for use in developing countries affected by natural disasters ( 15 Ways). During the time of disasters, the analysis of images provided by satellites helps to alleviate the impact of natural of disasters such as wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and flood on the environment. Furthermore, the importance of communication satellites cannot be overstated. It makes our daily activities such as using the car navigation system, internet, and mobile phone possible. In addition, communication satellites provide aircraft and ships with geo-positioning information. Furthermore, spinoff technologies are another benefit of Space exploration. To start with, spinoff technologies are those innovations, expertise, or techniques originally designed for space exploration that can be use in non-space applications. There has been advancement in the fields of health and medicine due to spinoff technologies resulting from space exploration. For instance, an eye-tracking device that is used in laser surgery to correct the eyesight was a technology developed for use in space. In addition, neuroArm is another spinoff technology in the medical field that was developed by the group of scientist for the united state space shuttle program have now become first world robotic arm capab le of performing surgery inside magnetic resonance machine ( 15 Ways). According to Christopher Mcfadden, NASA and eminent heart surgeon Dr. Michael DeBakey developed artificial hearts from the space shuttle fuel pump. It is a small 5cm long and 2.5cm in diameter pump that weighs 113 grams provided the most important answer to devastating cardiac diseases (23 Great NASA). There are spinoff technologies in other sectors such as ergonomics and telecommunication. Moreover, memory foam that was at first designed for adaptable chairs for astronauts is now commonly applied to various applications from mattresses to other cushioning and the wireless mobile headsets we use today was initially developed for astronauts are all spinoff technologies in Ergonomics and Telecommunication sectors respectively. Though space exploration has many benefits, some may argue that it is very expensive; therefore, government should use the money to alleviate hunger around the world. Yes, it is true that the United State government is spending a lot of money on space exploration. Nevertheless, there are enormous benefits of space exploration. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA), in 2016 fiscal year, a total of $152.84 million in the NASAs Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) created about 2,132 United State jobs, added $149.7 million wages, and generated $418.8 million in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and $50.58 million revenu e from annual tax. In addition, the NASAs Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs created 280 jobs, added $55.2 million in economic activity, and generate $6.7 million federal, state, and local taxes in the 2016 fiscal year (2017 Economic Impact). Clearly, Space exploration creates jobs for our teeming population, boost the economy, and generate revenue for the government. Space exploration should be encouraged because it helps to solve earth problems. In conclusion, Space exploration protects and improves the quality of life on earth. It contributes immensely in solving some of the earth problems. Furthermore, satellites, spin-off technologies, and job creation show how beneficial Space exploration is to our planet. Moreover, analyzing the information from satellites helps in protecting our planet from the influence of climate change and natural disaster. Besides, the spinoff technologies from Space exploration help to improve the quality of life on the earth. In addition, Space exploration activities create jobs for our teeming population.

William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily And The Yellow Wallpaper

Both men and women support patriarchy, men and women can both be equally hurt by patriarchy, but individually men and women are hurt in different ways. Patriarchy is a system in a society where the father, or the oldest male or even the husband, is the head of the household, also the family’s descent is traced back through the male’s line. Although patriarchy can still be found in today’s day and age, it is a subject that is argued about often. Both William Faulkner and Charlotte Perkins Gilman address this issue in both their stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, respectively. William Faulkner gives a depiction that Emily needed the feeling of control, whether that is being controlled or by controlling someone, which may†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"And what can one do?† (Gilman). Gilman’s question represents the women population of the world perfectly because what is one supposed to do, being disobed ient is not taking lightly, seeing how the husband may have inflicted physical pain, on top of the already emotional pain that is being inflicted by not allowing the social contact that she desires. Situations similar to Jane’s can be directly correlated to those issues in the Muslim communities. The modern society in a Muslin community seems to be almost untouched in their beliefs that women must obey their husband’s commands, once more showing how patriarchy is viewed as a negative, and if they disobey their instructions they will be punished. If they continue to defy the rule the punishments become more severe, starting from a warning and gradually progressing into a mild beating. Likewise to those in the Muslim community circumstances, Jane was being controlled, by not only one but, two males above her, and being controlled is not something people take light of heart, but there is nothing one can do in these situations. They can not run away, they can not seek help from another, not even their own father. An additional thing is demonstrating that she is less intelligent and should not be allowed the right to chooseShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper, And William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1340 Words   |  6 Pagesinternal struggle women goes through are Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† The two protagonist from these short stories, the unnamed narrator and Emily, display symptoms of â€Å"hysteria† because they experience conflicts between their individual desires and social influences that either repress their feelings or displace their feelings. The unnamed narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† symbolizes the majority of women by showing what they endured inRead MoreThe, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Mississippi Native William Faulkner s `` A Rose For Emily ``869 Words   |  4 PagesGilman’s (1860-1935) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Mississippi native William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both contain extreme delusional characters (â€Å"Charlotte Perkins Gilman†, â€Å"William Faulkner†). These characters lose touch with the real world and slowly begin to exhibit madness. Although both characters are unable to grasp reality, they both express distinct methods that show the severity and capability of their insanity. Gilman’s and Faulkner’s main characters, Emily and the other who isRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe women in William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper are troubled protagonists that have been neglected, isolated, and pushed to the point of insanity. There are many contributing factors to their decent into psychosis. Both women have lost their ability to function in society due to their obsessive behavior and the controlling men in their lives. Although both stories have similarities, there are also differences in their paths that have led toRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s A Rose For Emily And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper890 Words   |  4 Pageswomen cannot have their autonomy. In William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, both of them are e laborating the women under patriarchy either father or husband, moreover, revealing the tragedy form under this authority. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner depicts a young woman that was rigorous controlled by her father. After her father’s demise, she was still manipulated by this invisible power. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman portrays a woman who was keptRead MoreIsolation in â€Å"a Rose for Emily† and â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper†1222 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two well written short stories that entail both similarities and differences. Both short stories were written in the late 1800’s early 1900’s and depict the era when women were viewed less important than men. The protagonist in each story is a woman, who is confined in solitary due to the men in their lives. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the mutual voi ce of the townspeople of Jefferson, whileRead MoreShort Story Comparison1241 Words   |  5 PagesScales 1! Katrina Scales David Miles ENC-1102 16 July 2015 A Yellow Rose It is likely that after reading short stories The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, any sensible reader will feel disturbed in at least the slightest. Both texts contain neurotic women of unsound mind who have deathly obsessions. At first glance, these stories do not seem to have much in common; they have been written through opposite perspectives, one neglects to be chronologicalRead MoreAnalysis of A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner and The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman2621 Words   |  11 Pages In the short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†Ã¢â‚¬  written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the protagonists experience mental illness, loneliness, feelings of being in control of their lives, and feelings of being insane. Both main characters struggle against male domination and control. The two stories take place in the late 1800’s - early 1900’s, a time where men’s place in society was superior to that of women. Each story was written from a differentRead MoreDepression in the 1800s1211 Words   |  5 PagesDealing with Depression in the 1800’s William Faulkner and Charlotte Gilman are two well known writers for intriguing novels of the 1800’s. Their two eccentric pieces, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are equally alluring. These authors and their works have been well recognized, but also critized. The criticism focuses on the society that is portrayed in these novels. The modern readers of today’s society are resentful to this dramatic society. These two novels are full of traditionRead MoreThe Sexist Surroundings that Etrap the Narrator in Various Literary Works Supresss the Respective Protagonists Identitties as Women1671 Words   |  7 PagesI. THESIS: The sexist surroundings that entrap the Narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Miss Emily Grierson in â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter ultimately suppress the respective protagonists’ identities as women, leading them to suffer in isolation. II. TOPIC SENTENCE I: The protagonists in the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and The Scarlet Letter all live in a sexist environment that confines their lives. A. MAJOR I: The history of each respective settingRead MoreComparison of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper815 Words   |  3 PagesThe two short stories â€Å" A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are two very similar but at the same time very different. The main characters Emily Grierson, from William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, and the narrator, from Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper, are both in the same boat that many women were placed in the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s. Both of these two stories were written in a generation that women were looked downed upon and made to feel less important than

Directing Scene I of Sophocles’ Antigone Free Essays

The direction of the first scene of Antigone will set the mood for the entire play.   Antigone has called her sister Ismene to meet her outside the palace gates in Thebes.   She tells her sister the king will not allow their brother Polyneices to be buried. We will write a custom essay sample on Directing Scene I of Sophocles’ Antigone or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Antigone tries to get her sister to help but she refuses. The setting will be at night.   Both women wear robes, with Antigone’s robe a dark color indicating mourning.   The set will be simple.   The palace gates and wall is the backdrop, with a strong imposing look.   There will be soft light glowing from behind the wall.   This will give the impression of life and activity. Although Antigone and Ismene are the only characters, the sound stage should be set to give the impression of occasional voices behind the wall.   The voices will be muffled and sound like a conversation between people walking past.   When this occurs, the sisters stop talking and look at the gate, fearful someone has heard them and is coming out to investigate.   Then the sound of conversation will fade away, and their conversation resumes. In front of the wall will be a simple bench made to look like stone.   There will be two â€Å"torches†Ã‚   near the bench to cast the sisters in a â€Å"half-light†.   Antigone will be seated on the bench.   When Ismene approaches she will rise to embrace her.   At first both sisters will sit together.   As the conversation develops Antigone will pace. The actresses will make gestures and expressions that match the dialog.   Sound and lighting will give the effect of a thunderstorm approaching from the distance.     Ã‚  Music is in the background.   It will be somber and at a moderate level until Ismene appears, then quiet during their conversation, and become louder and suspenseful at the close of the scene.   Wind from the storm blows out the torches. How to cite Directing Scene I of Sophocles’ Antigone, Papers

An Online Bachelors Degree Lakeland College Essay Example For Students

An Online Bachelors Degree: Lakeland College Essay Many students take online courses, either to fulfill their degree requirements or because of the convenience. Today it is possible to receive a complete bachelors degree online. Lakeland College of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, in collaboration with Convene International, now offers a fully-accredited four year program in Accounting, Business Administration, Computer Science, Marketing, and Specialized Administration. Â  Lakeland, a liberal arts college of 3500 students, began offering online courses eighteen months ago through its Lifelong Learning Program. To receive a diploma, students must complete at least 128 semester hours of college credit. Presently Lakeland Online offers forty classes, enrolling 400 students, not only across the country, but around the world as well. Courses are taught by professors who teach both online and onground. Â  When polled, most said that they noticed few differences in the coursework from students in the two modes of learning, but many remarked that students appeared to get more from the online courses. Many students said they benefited from the individual and group attention. While Lakeland Online may be the first, other university systems are sure to follow suit. The face of education is changing.

Aral Sea Essays

Aral Sea Essays Aral Sea Essay Aral Sea Essay Struggle and conflicts for water among people are unavoidable. Situation is no different in developed and developing countries. Developed countries like Belgium, Great Britain, Poland, Singapore, and North America are already feeling water stress. It becomes difficult for rivers and groundwater resources in UK to satisfy the augmented water demands of summer heat. Similarly in USA, agricultural requirements are fighting for their share with urban needs of water. Different states in India are fighting for their share of water bodies. Chinese farmers are sacrificing their water needs to feed urban demands of cities. Less water for irrigation means less food grains production and eventually a global food crisis. Shared water resources among countries will add to this fight. For instance Africa, where the conditions are already worse, will see different countries fighting for the Nile, Zambezi, Niger, and Volta river basins to meet their water needs. Similarly Aral Sea Basin for Central Asia and rivers like Amu Darya and Syr Darya will be a subject of conflict among Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The US and Mexico also share cold space over the Colorado River (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; Ch. 3. 3 ). Pollution has been the biggest enemy of rivers, lakes and other freshwater resources. Many rivers and lakes today are nothing more than garbage dumps. Industries discard their toxic chemical wastes in the water resources. Use of toxic chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is polluting ground water resources. People will use 70% of surface freshwater available in rivers and lakes by 2025 which at present is 54%. This will disturb the whole balance of nature and other aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants. Ecosystems like wetlands are of enormous importance. They help human beings in different ways serving as flood regulators, waste filtration systems and natural flora and fauna habitats. Mismanagement of water resources has led to the extinction of numerous species of invaluable freshwater fish. Damage done is irreversible. Trees are vital for water conservation as they replenish groundwater, protect soil erosion and balance the hydrological cycle. Growing population and industrialization is eating away forests at an alarming rate adding to the problems (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 4). Millions of people are dying around the world due to the unavailability of clean and safe water for their daily requirements. Situation is more disappointing in developing countries where major diseases and deaths occur because of water related diseases. Water borne diseases are caused from contaminated water. Unclean water for drinking and not enough water for sanitation give rise to water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, shigella, polio, meningitis, and hepatitis A and E claiming millions of lives every year. Disposal of human and animal wastes in freshwater resources infects the water and hence leads to the spread of diseases. Industrial and agricultural chemical wastes in water can lead to diseases like cancer. Authorities should take steps to provide clean water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Provision of proper sanitation facilities is also very important for appropriate waste disposal. Another set of diseases is called water based diseases spread by flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and tissue nematodes that live in contaminated water. Diseases like guinea worm (dracunculiasis), paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) fall under this category. These diseases are more common in areas near Dams. Keeping a distance from unhygienic water and food can help prevent thee diseases from spreading. Water-related vector diseases are spread by mosquitoes, tsetse flies and other insects that carry infections. These carriers live in foul and unclean water and cause diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, and filariasis. Using pesticides to kill these insects and wiping out their breeding grounds like dirty and stagnant water helps preventing these diseases. Trachoma, leprosy, tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria are the diseases that spread due to insufficient water for maintaining personal hygiene. These can be prevented by providing enough water for sanitation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 5). Water conservation and proper use is very important for ensuring adequate availability of water to everyone on this earth including flora and fauna. Every area needs improvement and water management. Water used for irrigation in agriculture needs foremost attention. A lot of water is wasted while reaching crops through irrigation systems. Some of it gets recovered as groundwater but majority of it gets contaminated by chemicals. On one side inadequate water for irrigation limits land use and crop yield while on the other side excess of water in the fields can lead to water logging and salinization and hence destruction of land and crops. Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation and low-energy precision application (LEPA) can improve irrigation efficiency considerably. Drip irrigation lowers the wastage of water and is getting widely adopted. LEPA is an efficient form of sprinkler system leading to water conservation and increased food production. Water harvesting by collecting water in rainy season and using in dry season is also an attractive option for poor countries. Treated urban wastewater can also be used for irrigation. Israel is famous for its urban wastewater reuse for agriculture purpose. Stopping deforestation and planting more and more trees also helps in water conservation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6). Water in industries must be recycled and used again and again to save precious natural resource. Many industries employ these techniques to conserve water. Chemicals, iron and steel, and pulp and paper are some of the industries that must pay attention to their water usage and adopt water conservation techniques. In household, people must save water and use it sensibly. We will have to pay the price of wasting water uselessly when in excess sooner or later. Only needed quantity of water must be used. Municipal corporations must ensure that their water transit systems are efficient enough not to waste water and maximum share must reach consumers. Leakage from pipes and illegal tapping must be checked. Laws to prevent stealing and wastage of water must be formulated by the authorities (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 2). Population growth is the biggest challenge to be dealt with for saving water. Growing population at unregulated rates is a major problem especially in developing countries that already face water scarcity. It is very important for people to adopt family planning measures to keep a check on the rising population. Authorities must also educate people and spread awareness about the harms of unregulated births. They must inform people about the family planning measures and offer every kind of medical and financial help to achieve this objective (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 5). Techniques like pressurization of seawater, filtration via carbon nanotubes, and reverse osmosis can be used for desalinization of water to add to fresh water. Presently these treatments are very expensive. Promotion of vegetarian eating habits and saltwater agriculture on coastlines is needed (â€Å"Water†). Efforts are required on international, national and regional levels for water conservation. Countries must formulate policies and must support each other’s initiatives to create a better living place. Money and resources are essential and developed countries must support developing countries (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 7). Save water! Its precious! Hinrichsen, D. , Robey, B. , and Upadhyay, U. D. â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†. Population Reports, Series M, No. 14. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, December 1997. November 23, 2008 infoforhealth. org/pr/m14/m14chap1. shtml#top â€Å"Water†. millennium-project. org. World Federation of UN Associations. November 23, 2008 millennium-project. org/millennium/Global_Challenges/chall-02. html

Cloned essays

Cloned essays Chicago scientist Richard Seed announced a plan to begin cloning human beings at his clinic in January of 1998. In November 1998, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission began conducting a thorough review of the issues associated with human stem cell research, in the United States. The stem cell is a unique and essential cell type found in all animals. In adult the organism stem cells are those that renew tissue, the most fundamental and extraordinary of the stem cells are found in the early stage of the embryo. Unlike the more differentiated adult stem cells or other cell types, embryonic stem (ES) cells, retain the special ability to develop into nearly any cell type. There are also embryonic germ (EG) cells, which originate from the primordial reproductive cells of a developing fetus and have properties similar to ES cells. Scientific reports of the successful isolation and culture of these specialized cells offer hope of new cures for debilitating and even fatal illness and a t the same time have renewed an important national debate about the ethics of research involving human embryos and fetal cadaver material. At the present moment, human stem cells can be derived only from human fetal tissue following elective abortion. Human pluripotent (having the ability to become any tissue) stem cells are able to be isolated and cultured with the unlimited capacity to divide and the ability to turn into most of the cells or tissues in the body. However, the technique used to create clone had initiated the debate on the controversial issue. Reported efforts by a small biotechnology company to clone embryos in order to derive stem cells had lead to House passage of a measure that would criminalize both therapeutic Nine bills on cloning have been introduced during the first session of the 107th Congress-seven in the House and two in the Senate. The bills contain similar definitions of cloning; they differ in ...

Case Study - Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Case Essay - 1

Case Study - Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Case - Essay Example They had both commented negatively towards him and it was evident that they were out to terminate his job and contract. Staub had earlier been made to check with his employer any time he left the job premises after false allegation that he had left the place of work. After some months, one of the supervisors maliciously reported Staub to the vice president for leaving the work area. This was followed by a discontinuation from his work by the vice president. The evidence given made the jury to rule in the favor of the complainant but some time later the federal court reversed the ruling. In the ruling, the judges claimed that the decision made by the vice president was not solely dependent on the information given by the supervisors. This therefore ruled him out of the discrimination case. Therefore, the Court of Appeal concluded that the company was not liable. This ruling was overturned by the Supreme Court on the basis that the employer remains liable if the decision made is motivated by a discrimination bias. According to Guerin (2011), this ruling was therefore in favor of Staub and that served as a great motivation to employees going through the same. This Act is therefore important in safeguarding the rights of employees against discriminatory supervisors. Guerin, L. (2011). Supreme Court victory for employees in discrimination case. Nolo’s Employment Law Blog. Retrieved from

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes - Essay Example There are a number of different terms for taxation and indeed taxation takes on many special sub categories. For example there are capital gains tax   which according to Reynolds (1999) represents a special tax placed on capital gains which are profits recognized from the sale of assets purchased at a lower price such as properties, commodities etc. A second example would be a corporate tax which is a specialized tax placed directly on a corporation or other such business entity (Depending on the jurisdiction). A third example would be an inheritance tax which can be any sort of taxes levied after the death of an individual. Tariffs often form an important element of taxation as it represents a specialized tax levied on the importation of goods or the movement of goods through a nation’s borders (this may hold special significance in an increasingly globalized economy). A last example of a specialized tax is called a toll which is some sort of fee levied for the right to tra vel on a maintained road or waterway, in this regard the income received from such a tax would typically be used to maintain the condition of the passageway.   What is important to keep in mind is that any particular jurisdiction may have any number of direct, indirect or specialized tax used in any combination to suit the needs of the local citizenry. In this regard taxation can be tailored to meet the specialized needs of a particular area. According to Smith (1776) it is the case that every state ought to contribute towards supporting.

Traffic management, Public transport, Pedestrian and Disabled access Assignment

Traffic management, Public transport, Pedestrian and Disabled access - Assignment Example For the people without any form of disability, the gaps and loopholes that exist within the transport network can be filled by driving cars, cycling, walking or using the most appropriate mode of public transport (Rickert, 2006). For the people with disability, any gap in connectivity which may include factors such as lack of ramps, safe crossings and lack of properly designed paths may only be filled through seeking assistance from the able people so as to reach their destination (Oxley, 2002). Traffic management takes into consideration all the network users and comes up with a proper layout that can best accommodate both the people with disability and those without. Fundamentally, traffic management involves measures taken by responsible authorities to alleviate or reduce traffic congestion at all possible costs, increase safety for both traffic flow and pedestrians and utilization of other relevant mode of transport in an effective and efficient way (COST, 2013). Traffic management involves route suitability analysis to ensure excess traffic in a certain roads is diverted into less congested areas, selecting the most appropriate mode and means of transport to ensure a free flow of traffic. Pertinent aspects of traffic management should be considered in order to facilitate an effective traffic. They are the traffic information, driver monitoring with up-to-date information. The latest information is very crucial in traffic management because it gives a clear condition of roads in terms of weather patterns, maintenance, incidences on roads, situations and a possible alternative route (DFID, 2004). Many research articles have stressed the importa nce of traffic management due to its benefits. Traffic management is only possible and achievable under certain conditions. They go hand in hand with a good transportation system with good roads, operational traffic lights, well maintained roads and driver monitoring to ensure

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas Public sphere, according to Habermas, is a democracy approach in which different groups of people coming together to share their opinion towards social and political issues (Lubenow, 2012). Harbermes point of view was based on the concept of deliberative democracy. To him, democracy is achieved through the involvement of public into the political system. Habermess concept was force moving towards communicative power in democracy terms. Habermas s idea (as cited in Lubenow, 2012) communicated that the public sphere is an interactive structure which make-up by the state, the political system, and also the private sectors in this civil society. Thus, the function of public sphere is to provide a social platform where public opinion is heard. Added, the public sphere play the role of articulating public opinion which involves integrate themes, arguments and contributions, and to carried the voice of the public in discussing the issue faced by the current civil society and to generate res olution as well as to aid in decision making processes (Lubenow, 2012). Generally, the Habermasian idea on democracy is based on the central of public sphere. In simple words, public sphere is an open platform for each and every citizen to discuss and share their view on political issue in equal chances and status (Maia, 2007). The concept of public sphere emerges from two perspectives. The historical perspective which means a lots of different individual persons assembles to form a public to debate political issue or matters of common interest. Besides that, the public sphere is described from a normative perspective. This sphere constitute to a new source of power legitimation through rational and critical debates. This highlighted that democracy is a new form of domination which members need to give acknowledgement to the norms and decisions made (Maia, 2007). However, there were some later theories that developed as advancement in explaining the public sphere. For instance, Hannah Arendt proposed the agonistic concept of public space. In his explanation, his criticize that the loss of public space in the modern society. Arendts political point of view stresses the changes in the social world contributed to the decrease of public sphere. The interaction of social with politics is more of not a concrete one whereby people behave accordingly to the social set of so called norms instead of acting and thinking critically. Arendt also accounted public space is the space for freedom and execution of power through speech and persuasion (Benhabib, 1992). Another model that explained the public sphere is the liberal model of public dialogue. This particular concept is from Bruce Ackerman in which he conveyed liberalism is a form of political culture based on conversational constraints. Ackermans concern was the way different groups can resolve the problem of living together harmoniously yet do not share the same thoughts of good. Conversational restraint is the path to understand the phenomenon. The concept of it emphasizes on neutrality when dealing with disagreement between two parties. When disagreement occurs, in is important to not fight back in another dimension of moral truth or value but to use dialogue to identify the norms that enforce mutual trust and respect reasonably according to respective culture (Benhabib, 1992). The difernces of this two model concept and model as compare to Habermass model of public sphere is that in Habermass view is that public sphere should be more democratic affected by both social norms and political decisions. Moreover, public sphere should not be based merely on legitimation from public dialogue, but instead judged by the model of practical discourse (Benhabib, 1992). The history and development of public sphere begin as a bourgeois society to guaranteed free speech, free press, and free assembly (Fraser, 1990). Public opinion is formed as a result of these free discussion and debate. Public sphere therefore offered an idea on how democracy should be. It should be open, able to be accessible, and not restricted to any rational discussion of public matters (Fraser, 1990). Having said that, the idea of Habermas on public sphere also has certain limitations. According to Fraser (1990), Habermas fails to recognize other, nonliberal, nonbourgeois, competing public spheres, which caused him only to focus on merely liberal public sphere. Besides that, Habermas idea rest on a class-and gender-biased and also a conflict when trying to adopt his idea in this new century and era since his idea was a way long ago developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Therefore, his idea was rethink and revisit by scholars from time to time in democracy term. Another neglected yet important factor influencing the public sphere is the influence of media and mass communication on democracy (Maia, 2007). Habermas (as cited in Rasmusseri, 2007) elaborated that the function of media in public here is for members of the community to raise issues, provide arguments, specify interpretations and propose solutions. In his paper, Rasmusseri (2007) studied the use of internet and its contribution to the political public sphere among the multiple views in the diverse population which can be convenient yet complicated. Media included the main stream media (the press, cable TV, and broadcasting) and the new media (networking such as internet) is playing an important role in todays society in communicating to the public audiences on social and political issues. However, the mass media filters the information before sending it out so that receivers more or less receive the same information more or less in the same manner (Rasmussen, 2007). The internet-ba sed communication is called as the new media provides more opportunities for members in the public sphere to give feed-back and comment. However, there was also a problem of validity and reliability of the sources of information because such information comes from a wide range of users from the internet and different participants giving own individual opinions for events, topics, and views. The divergence of sources leaves validity and reliability of the information hard to be determined. Habermas, later on, revise and clarify some of his earlier concept. He focuses more on sovereignty within large group instead of individuals preferences and choice. Thus, he made the conclusion that democracy is much determined on deliberation yet not ones will (Maia, 2007). (Maia, 2007) (Rasmussen, 2007) (Fraser, 1990) (Lubenow, 2012) Seyla Benhabib, Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jurgen Habermas, in Craig J. Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), 73-98.

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Essay -- The Devil And

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Washington Irving the author of The Devil and Tom Walker uses the setting of the story to convey that things with a good appearance can be deceiving and be putrid on the inside. He also creates the right atmosphere for the story, and gives precise details to the audience so they can predict the topic and how it will develop. In addition, he describes each character in a manner that the readers can infer who they are, their personal characteristics, and the decisions that they might make throughout the development of the story. Moreover, he provides a background for each character in order to understand their actions and their ending. This tall tale occurs near Boston, Massachusetts that as recorded in history was the place that held the witch hangings in 1692. Moreover he wrote â€Å"†¦there is a deep inlet, winding several miles into the interior of the country from Charles Bay, and terminating in a thickly wooded swamp or morass.† The mentioned description and information gives an overview that the tale may contain supernatural situations and smuggling – or related situations- because it provides the perfect sinister and gloomy environment. As equally important when Irving describes the swamp, where most of the story take place, he gives details such as â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the waters’ edge into a high ridge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He also says â€Å"It was full of pits...

Why Did People Vote for the Nazi Party

Why did people vote for the Nazi party? ~ Young Unemployed Man 1929 I have decided to vote for the Nazi party. Right now our country is in a depression, and our people are suffering from misery and poverty. Adolf Hitler has promised to make our country a better place by overcoming these problems. His plans for us are so great. He believes in a brighter future for our country. We shall see his dream appearing before our very eyes. In a speech Adolf Hitler gave; he said, â€Å" I’ve made it clear the German nation will be restored only when the German people find their inner strength once more! He believes in our people and our country. He wants the country to become a better place not only for him but also his supporters. He believes he is able to restore our country to its former glory, before World War 2 and the treaty of Versailles. He believes in creating a pure nation, made up of only us Germans. He shows the true weaknesses of democracy. The weaknesses only some people k now of, he shows how unorganized and chaotic their business is.He wants to show us that we have made the wrong decisions in the past and that there can be a new future. A future, which will be filled with hope and discipline. This hope helps us to continue on, and look forward to the future. The promises he made goes out to everyone of all classes, but the most important one he made was to give work to the unemployed. Unemployment is the reason why the country is failing. So when the Nazi party is elected I can finally feed my family again, we can keep warm in the winter and maybe even afford little luxuries.The country will no longer be seen as a disappointment but as a haven, for those people like me, who have nothing but a few scrapes to live off of. The Nazi party has made big promises in which I believe will help our country achieve success. Not only that but it will benefit all of us in the country. All other parties’ promises seem like a disappointment in comparision. Those promises are only a minor achievement but our country wants to create power and purity. â€Å"Heil Hitler! †

List of Academic Geography Journals

List of Academic Geography Journals What follows is a listing of important academic journals devoted to geography. You should be able to find most in large academic (university) libraries at universities that include geography departments.   General U.S. Annals of the Association of American GeographersFocusGeographical ReviewJournal of GeographyLandscapeNational Geographic ResearchNational Geographic MagazineProfessional Geographer General International AreaAustralian GeographerAustralian Geographical StudiesCanadian GeographerCanadian GeographicGeoforumGeographicalGeographyGeographical Journal of RGSGeoJournalInstitute of British Geographers. TransactionsNew Zealand GeographerNew Zealand Journal of Geography Human Geography Economic GeographyEnvironment and Planning D: Society and SpaceGeografiska Annaler. Series B. Human GeographyJournal of Cultural GeographyJournal of Historical GeographyPolitical GeographyProgress in Human GeographyUrban Geography Human Geography Related Annals of Tourism ResearchAsian and Pacific Migration JournalDemographyEconomic Development and Cultural ChangeEkisticsHuman EcologyJournal of Regional ScienceJournal of the American Institute of PlannersLand EconomicsLandscape and Urban PlanningNationalities PapersPopulation and Development ReviewInternational Journal of Population GeographyInternational Migration ReviewPlanningRegional Science and Urban EconomicsRegional StudiesSocial Science and Medicine D: Medical GeographyUrban Affairs QuarterlyUrban AnthropologyUrban Studies Physical Geography Atmosphere-OceanBoundary-Layer MeteorologyBulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyEarth Surface Processes and LandformsGeografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical GeographyJournal of the Atmospheric SciencesJournal of BiogeographyJournal of ClimateJournal of Climate and Applied MeteorologyJournal of HydrologyMeteorology and Atmospheric PhysicsMeteorological MagazineMonthly Weather ReviewPhysical GeographyProgress in Physical GeographyQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological SocietyTheoretical and Applied ClimatologyWeatherWeatherwiseWorld Meteorology Organization BulletinZeitschrift fur GeomorphologieZeitschrift fur Meteorologie Physical Geography Related Advances in HydroscienceBiological ConservationBulletin of the Geological Society of AmericaCanadian Journal of the Earth SciencesCatenaEarth ScienceEarth Science ReviewsThe EcologistEcologyEnvironmentEnvironmental EthicsEnvironmental PollutionInternational Journal of Environmental StudiesJournal of GlaciologyJournal of Sedimentary PetrologyMazingiraQuarternary ResearchWater Resources BulletinWater Resources ResearchJournal of Soil and Water ConservationJournal of the Soil Science Society of AmericaRestoration EcologyWild Earth Other - Technique/Approach AntipodeApplied GeographyCartographic JournalCartographicaCartographyCartography and Geographic Information SystemsGeographical AnalysisGeoworldImago MundiITC JournalPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote SensingWorld Cartography Region-Based Annals of Arid ZonesArcticArctic and Alpine ResearchAustralian Meteorology MagazineChina GeographerGeographica PolanicaPolar RecordPost-Soviet Geography

Free Essays on Imperial Rome

The study of Roman imperial historywhich in practical terms began from the 60s BCEpresents the modern reader with certain paradigmatic issues relevant to governments and societies today. In broadest terms, the persistent dilemma was how to modify government structures and ethos as state and society expanded geographically and demographically. The republican ideal of Rome had somewhat made sense in a time when the state was little more than the preeminent city in a Mediterranean peninsular area, and needed to ensure its own survival and domination of surrounding locales. By the middle of the final century BCE, however, Rome had become the center of a multi-continent empire stretching from Spain to Iraq. Thus, one can present the continuing civil unrest from 80 to 30 BCE as the inability of an expanded city government to cope with the needs of an empire's administration. Part of these needs consisted of large armies far from home. In such cases, powerful generals could emerge, and after Marius' military reforms of the 90s BCE, the soldiers in these legions became dependent upon generals for material survival. In turn, soldiers and veterans strengthened military leaders' political power as a pay-off. As the ensuing half-century showed, the Senate could not thwart a powerful general with charisma and a mass base of political support. Also lacking in a city government weighted down with imperial responsibilities was an efficient Empire-wide civil service and economic administration. Roman fiscal exactions and provincial administration often were, or at least appeared, erratic or irrational. A common pattern of Roman governance involved Rome responding ineffectually at first to a local disturbance, which grew to such extents that Rome had to invest large human and material assets to bring a resolution to a crisis that better administration would have pr evented. Of course, Roman statesmen had long thought about reforms in their state a... Free Essays on Imperial Rome Free Essays on Imperial Rome The study of Roman imperial historywhich in practical terms began from the 60s BCEpresents the modern reader with certain paradigmatic issues relevant to governments and societies today. In broadest terms, the persistent dilemma was how to modify government structures and ethos as state and society expanded geographically and demographically. The republican ideal of Rome had somewhat made sense in a time when the state was little more than the preeminent city in a Mediterranean peninsular area, and needed to ensure its own survival and domination of surrounding locales. By the middle of the final century BCE, however, Rome had become the center of a multi-continent empire stretching from Spain to Iraq. Thus, one can present the continuing civil unrest from 80 to 30 BCE as the inability of an expanded city government to cope with the needs of an empire's administration. Part of these needs consisted of large armies far from home. In such cases, powerful generals could emerge, and after Marius' military reforms of the 90s BCE, the soldiers in these legions became dependent upon generals for material survival. In turn, soldiers and veterans strengthened military leaders' political power as a pay-off. As the ensuing half-century showed, the Senate could not thwart a powerful general with charisma and a mass base of political support. Also lacking in a city government weighted down with imperial responsibilities was an efficient Empire-wide civil service and economic administration. Roman fiscal exactions and provincial administration often were, or at least appeared, erratic or irrational. A common pattern of Roman governance involved Rome responding ineffectually at first to a local disturbance, which grew to such extents that Rome had to invest large human and material assets to bring a resolution to a crisis that better administration would have pr evented. Of course, Roman statesmen had long thought about reforms in their state a...

Smallpox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smallpox - Essay Example Even when not fatal, the disease can cause significant disfigurement and scarring. It was once the scourge of mankind, wreaking havoc across the European continent for centuries. Fortunately, modern medicine has determined the variola virus to be the only known cause of smallpox, making it possible to contain the illness by eliminating the variola virus. Uncontrolled, a smallpox outbreak can be expected to infect approximately 30 percent of those individuals exposed to it. Approximately 30 percent of these can be expected to die from the infection. The potential of the illness for use as a biological weapon has been proven in the past with its introduction to the ‘new continent’ and its use in decimating the American Indian tribes while more recent research suggests it retains a highly dangerous potential in the modern world setting. According to Henderson (et al, 1999), â€Å"researchers estimate that only 10-100 virus particles are necessary to infect someone† w hile inoculation supplies and efforts are insufficient to meet the challenge. An understanding of the history of the illness illustrates the importance for the nation’s healthcare workers to be familiar with the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, prevention efforts and gaps in information regarding this illness. For centuries, the smallpox virus plagued mankind, regularly decimating populations in Europe and Asia as the virus was passed from person to person throughout the world on a continuous basis. Smallpox does not survive in animals nor is it known to be a carrier disease, in the sense that individuals might carry the illness without suffering its ill effects, so it can only survive as long as there are humans to suffer from it and more humans for these to pass it along to. With all the devastation that the illness caused, it wasn’t until 1796 before the first experimental vaccine against the illness was

Short Informal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Informal Report - Essay Example During the follow-up visits, I cemented a rapport with the exhibitor representatives and ensured that they received appropriate Indium Corporation literature. Most of the exhibitors were manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, agrochemicals, and other chemical products. Chemical products distributors were also well represented. Most manufacturers were interested in the poster since some chemicals that Indium manufactures are raw materials for these companies. A good percentage of the distributors also had an eye on our poster. In total, according to my judgment, about ten exhibitors had a particular interest in Indium Corporation products. Our representatives gave them the Indium Corporation brochure and mini-poster (with Sticker). Five of them received the full-size version of the poster. I told exhibitors that I would telephone them within two weeks for purposes of following up. Richard Harris, technical manager, Grand Saw Machine Company. The company is a distributor of industrial chemicals for metal cutting, maintenance, cleaning, corrosion protection, lubrication, laboratory chemicals, and machine wear reduction. Products include sawing fluids, brighteners, laboratory reactants, sawing fluids, and cleaners. Ronald Franklin, regional manager, Kinex Pharmaceuticals. The company makes pharmaceutical products such as immunology and anti-cancer therapeutics. They thus require starting as well as intermediate raw materials like anhydrous acetate, hydroxide hydrated, and sulfate. Brenda Stinson, General Manager, Dynasty Chemical Corporation. The company requires chemicals from the manufacturing industries in order to distribute to customers. Indium Corporation manufactures most of the chemicals that the distributor needs. The conference gave me an overall impression that that there is a growing market for industrial chemicals.

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Housekeeping and Mrs. Dalloway - Essay Example Robinson’s first words are: â€Å"my name is Ruth. I grew up with my younger sister, Lucille, under the care of my grandmother, Mrs. Sylvia Foster, and when she died, of her sisters-in-law, Misses Lily and Nona Foster, and when they fled, of her daughter, Mrs. Sylvia Fisher† (Robinson, p. 3). The choice of introductory sentence is extremely telling as, apart from establishing this work as a female-centric narrative, it draws up a picture of a female-dominated world. Its blatant and explicit exclusion of reference to any males may be interpreted as a direct challenge to dominant patriarchal systems. Indeed, it is even reminiscent of the exclusively-male genealogies outlined in the Bible, starting with the Book of Genesis. Within the context of the stated, the opening line may be interpreted as the narrative’s own genesis, the genesis of a matriarchal, as opposed to patriarchal, world. Patriarchy versus matriarchy is carried through in the novel’s expression of the themes of grief and loss. The protagonist, Ruth, has evidently lost both mother and father but the loss of the father and his absence is passed over as inconsequential, while the loss of the mother gives the novel its impetus. Ruth is aware of the extent to which her mother’s loss has affected her and refers to the resultant grief as a â€Å"predatory thing,† a feeling which gnaws at her and deprives her of her very sense of self (p. 198). Her grandmother’s death, her â€Å"drowning in air† (p. 164) is recalled and with it her mother’s physical drowning; her abandonment by Misses Lily and Nona are told; and her sister’s departure/abandonment, cuts through her very soul like a knife but, never is her father’s death/abandonment/loss touched upon. This clearly indicates that the world of this novel is a solidly matriarchal one in which males are, if g ranted any place at all, marginalized, semi-invisible and

Therapeutic Approaches Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Approaches Essay At the present, the contemporary society has discovered and created many new therapeutic strategies in dealing with psychological problems and health maladies. These therapeutic approaches are developed in relation to the different psychological discipline focusing on the different aspects and realms of the human mind. Some of these approaches are proven effective to many however, some are also ineffective to particular patient. Because of this, it has been determined that part of the effectivity of a certain therapeutic approach is based on the conformity and acceptance of the patient to the therapy and vice versa on some cases. In this aspect that this author finds a certain specific therapy that he or she is comfortable with. This patient sees the humanistic therapeutic approach to be more convenient and suitable compare to other therapeutic services that are being offered. This opinion can be said mainly because of the optimistic and positive outlook of this therapy to the human nature particularly its patients. In this approach, the said therapy provide a more personal in-depth realization as it try to focus on the positive aspects of the human nature namely the patient’s neglected strengths and abilities as it was empowered by weakness and insecurities. Compare to other therapeutic approaches, the humanistic view provide a strengthening outlook to the personal life thus promoting the therapy’s benefit to a long-term advantage for the patient. Other approaches can be said to be only focused on determining the roots of the patient’s problem thus, they only show the inconsistency of the human nature. However though, most patients know already their inconsistencies thus they become depress and gloomy as they accept it. However, the humanistic therapy can show the other side of their personality making the patients realize again that amidst their misdeeds and faults, there is still a good personality that is innate within their being.

Organisation structure of the bakhresa group of companies

Organisation structure of the bakhresa group of companies Identify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why? How can Bakhresa Group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency? Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa Group. Explain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa Group. How did Bakhresa Group establish innovative environment that propagates the virtuous circle of innovation? Explain its features. This is a case study analysis report of the Bakhresa Group of companies of Tanzania, with special focus of its innovation management that led it to achieve a remarkable growth and market leadership in the country and beyond. Bakhresa Group is one of the leading Industrial Houses in Tanzania, East Africa. Started in a humble manner with a small restaurant in the Port City of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in mid-seventies, it has now emerged as a respected business group in the Region. The Group has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia and most recently in Mozambique. Plans are in place to spread its wings to other countries. The group now boasts of a turnover of more than Three Hundred Million United Sates Dollars and is a proud employer of more than two thousand employees associated directly. There are several companies under its umbrella and have investments mainly in Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate. The study will analyse the role of organisation structure, the organisational characteristics in general and individual roles that propagate and facilitate innovative environment within the Bakhresa group and how successfully they have managed it. The analysis is based on the hand-out information about the group prepared for this purpose, as well as the Bakhresa Group website (2010). Most of the concepts and theories that precedes each item of analysis are based on the textbook by Paul Trott-Innovation Management and New product Development -4th Edition (2008); others textbooks and websites have been used to complement the mentioned references. This report starts by providing background information about the group, regarding its organisations; products and services in section one. To be followed by five sections one for each analysis item, that is; organisation structure and innovation, managing the tension between the need for efficiency and creativity, organisational characteristics that facilitate innovation, the key individual roles within the innovation process and establishing an innovative environment that propagate virtuous circle. BACKGROUND BAKHRESA GROUP OF COMPANIES TANZANIA Bakhresa Group is composed of Said Salim Bakhresa Co.s, Bakhresa Food Products ltd and large collection of other companies of various industries such as transport and logistics and real-estate. The group started in 1980s and ever since it has steadily been expanding its borders from Tanzania to the neighbouring countries and has been gaining a lot of market force over time. The group currently operates in the Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda, Mozambique, Zambia and Zanzibar Mission To increase and sustain the living standards of Africans by providing them with essential products and services of global quality at affordable prices. To exceed customers expectations through innovation and harnessing technology. Vision To be one of the internationally respected and professionally managed companies in the African Continent. To spread our wings to the other parts of the globe. Their values include passion for success, commitment to stakeholders and employees as well as mutual trust and social responsibility. Figure 1. Subsidiaries companies under Bakhresa Group Source (Bakhresa.com 2010) In the Bakhresa Group, the organization is treated as an instrument for achieving established goals, in which the members of the organization are made to serve these goals and rewards are given to motivate them. The organization structure contributes to the dominance of the technology-push model of innovation. On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires stability and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group also needs to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it needs to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. The channel of communication is highly structured, there is restricted information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line management position and the management is reluctant to adapt to changing circumstances. The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities. The Bakhresa Group engages commercial scanner, gatekeeper and project leader and sponsor to facilitate the innovation process. The Bakhresa Group, given the importance of innovation, has spent enormous sums of money trying to develop an environment that fosters innovation. The Bakhresa Group is aware of developing a reputation for innovation which helps propagate a virtuous circle that reinforces Groups abilities. The Bakhresa Group has established companies dealing with variety of products from manufacturing of Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate and has become a market leader because of innovation and entrepreneurship. Figure 2 below shows a variety of products/ services offered by the Bakhresa group. Source (Bakhresa.com 2010) The new and different product added to the list of achievements marks the creativeness abilities and adds to value, and enhance the competitive edge of the company. For example, the launching of state of the art packaging industries for food and beverage products as well as the technological advancement on the telecommunication via satellites. 1. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES AND INNOVATION Identify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa Group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa Group? Among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why? Organizational Structures Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure. In an organization of any size or complexity, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Innovation Innovation is the act of developing a new process or product and introducing it to the market. It is essentially an entrepreneurial act, whether it takes place in a start-up firm, a large organization, a not-for-profit, or a public-sector agency. Innovation means change: sometimes radical change, such as the development of the computer, and sometimes incremental change, such as the modification of existing computer software (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Innovation is the act of introducing something new or doing something in a different way. Innovation in business differs from creativity in that the latter is generally associated with the generation of new ideas. In contrast, innovation refers to taking those new ideas and actually implementing them in the marketplace. Thus, creativity is simply one element of the innovation process through which new ideas lead to new products, procedures, or services. Business scholars often attribute company success to innovation. Because of growing  international competition,  innovation became even more vital for companies toward the end of the 20th century (Referenceforbusiness 2010) Organizational Structures and Innovation The structure of an organization is the sum total of ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them. One of the problems is recognizing that different groups within an organization behave differently and interact with different parts of the wider external environment. None the less, there have been numerous useful studies exploring the link between the organizational structure and innovative performance. (Trott 2008) Organizational structures can be sorted between organic and mechanistic. Organizational cultural also plays a big role when implementing change. Some resistance forces we are likely to encounter are within our organization. Once the organizational structure and cultural attribute is determined then the designing process can begin. Organic and mechanistic are on different ends of the spectrum. In contingency theory, the term organic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to promote flexibility so that employees can initiate change and adapt quickly to changing conditions (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). This flexible structure is more like a team environment in which all the employees are able to handle any of the tasks. In contingency theory, the term mechanistic structure is used to describe an organizational structure that is designed to induce employees to behave in predictable, accountable ways (George Jones, 2005, p. 508). All of the employees working in a mechanistic structure have assigned duties that they must perform and are prohibited to take on additional duties unless they are told so by management.(associated content 2010) Through their Theory of Mechanistic and Organic Systems, Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker (1961) have provided a way to understand which organization forms fit to specific circumstances of change or stability. In their highly influential work The Management of Innovation, they provide the following characteristics of Mechanic vs. Organic Systems: Mechanistic vs Organic Organization Structure Mechanistic Organization Form   / Management System Organic Organization Form   / Management System Appropriate Conditions Stable Changing Distribution of tasks Specialized differentiation of functional tasks into which the problems and tasks facing a concern as a whole are broken down Contributive nature of special knowledge and experience to the common task of the concern Nature of Individual task The abstract nature of each individual task, which is pursued with techniques and purposes more or less distinct from those of the concern as a whole: i.e., the functionaries tend to pursue the technical improvements of means, rather than the accomplishment of the ends of the concern The realistic nature of the individual task, which is seen as set by the total situation of the concern Who (re)defines tasks The reconciliation, for each level in the hierarchy, of these distinct performances by the immediate superiors, who are also, in turn, responsible for seeing that each is relevant in his own special part of the main task The adjustment and continual redefinition of individual tasks through interaction with others Task scope The precise definition of rights and obligations and technical methods attached to each functional role The shedding of responsibility as a limited field of rights, obligations and methods (problems may not be posted upwards, downwards or sideways as being someone elses responsibility) How is task conformance ensured The translation of rights and obligations and methods into the responsibilities of a functional position The spread of commitment to the concern beyond any technical definition Structure of control, authority and communication Hierarchic, Contractual Network, Presumed Community of Interest Locating of knowledge Reinforcement of the hierarchic structure by the location of knowledge of actualities exclusively at the top of the hierarchy, where the final reconciliation of distinct tasks and assessment of relevance is made Omniscience no longer imputed to the head of the concern; knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now may be located anywhere in the network Communication between members of concern Vertical; i.e., between superior and subordinate Lateral; i.e., between people of different rank, resembling consultation rather than command Governance for operations and working behavior Instructions and decisions issued by superiors Information and advice rather than instructions and decisions Values Insistence on loyalty to the concern and obedience to superiors as a condition of membership Commitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion is more highly valued than loyalty and obedience Prestige Greater importance and prestige attaching to internal (local) than to general (cosmopolitan) knowledge, experience, and skill Importance and prestige attach to affiliations and expertise valid in the industrial and technical and commercial milieux external to the firm It is evident that among the two organisation structures, the Organic one is more suitable for promoting and fostering innovation within an organization as it encourages creativity; has values of Commitment to the concerns task and to the technological ethos of material progress and expansion that mostly requires creativeness and new innovations; allow free flow of communication and flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstances; The Bakhresa group seems to follow the Mechanistic organization structure, because their channel of communication is highly structured, there is restricted information flow, and operating styles are uniform and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line management position and the management is reluctant to adapt to changing circumstances. Mechanistic organization structure tends to offer a less suitable environment for managing the creativity and the innovation process. Because of its degree of formalisation, centralisation, Size and complexity of its organisation, Formalisation There is some evidence of an inverse relationship between formalization and innovation. That is an increase in formalization of procedures will result in a disease in innovative activity. Complexity Where these are several different type of professional groups are working in an organization, it would represent a complex organization Centralisation It refers to the decision making activity and the location of power within an organization. In a decentralized organization fewer levels of hierarchy are usually required: This tends to lead to more responsive decision making closer to the action. Organisational Size A small business with fewer employees differs significantly on terms of resources from an organization which is big size is a proxy variable for more meaningful dimensions such as economic and organization resources, including number of employees. (Trott 2010) MANAGEMENT TEAM BOARD OF DIRECTORS STRUCTURE Chairman, Bakhresa Group of Companies SAID SALIM AWADH BAKHRESA is the founding father and the Chairman of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies. He is a well-known industrialist in the mainland of Tanzania and island of Zanzibar. With a humble beginning as a small restaurateur in seventies, he created the business empire within a span of three decades. He is the mastermind behind the success of all the businesses within the group. His vision and excellent managerial skills contributed to the growth of this group to great heights. Executive Director of SS Bakhresa Co. ltd MOHAMED SAID BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling (Uganda) Limited and is the Executive Director Of Said Salim Bakhresa Company Limited. He is also holding Director-Ship in most of the Group Companies. Mr Mohamed is a graduate in finance, law and accounting from Southbank University, United Kingdom. He is a well-known industrialist in Uganda and Tanzania and is successfully managing Bakhresa Grain Milling (Uganda) Limited, which is the largest wheat milling industry in Uganda. Mr Mohamed is also actively involved in the policy decision making process of the Bakhresa Group Of Companies. Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling ltd ABUBAKAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Grain Milling (Malawi) Limited and Bakhresa Grain Milling (Mozambique) Limitada. He also acts as Executive Director of Said Salim Bakhresa Co. Ltd. Mr. Abubakar has done his B.Sc in Business Administration, majoring in Finance from Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA. He is primarily involved in the wheat milling businesses of the Group and looks after the wheat procurement for the Group. Executive Director of Logistic Division of Bakhressa Group OMAR SAID SALIM BAKHRESA, a Mechanical Engineer, is the Executive Director in charge of the Logisitic Division of Said Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd. He has over a decade of experience in logistics transportation industry. Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products Ltd YUSUF SAID SALIM BAKHRESA is the Managing Director of Bakhresa Food Products Limited and is holding Director-Ship in other Group Companies. He is actively involved in the day to day operations of Bakhresa Food Products, which is based in Tanzania and is successfully managing its operations. Senior Management Each Group Company/Division is professionally managed by a full complement of local/expatriate managers having expertise in their respective fields. Regardless of the mechanistic structure in use by the Bakhresa Group, its great achievements are obviously due to its continuous innovation in new products and new markets. One can conclude that due to the large size and complexity organisation of the Group as a whole, it is necessary to apply the centralisation and formalisation. But the style of operations and management at the subsidiary companies level may be allowing certain flexibility that is promoting creativity and innovation. 2. MANAGING THE TENSION BETWEEN THE NEED FOR CREATIVITY AND EFFICIENCY How can Bakhresa Group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency? The Dilemma of Innovation Management Within virtually all organizations there is a fundamental tension between the need for stability and the need for creativity. On the one hand, companies require stability and static routines to accomplish daily tasks efficiently and quickly. This enables the organization to compete today. For example processing of millions of cheques by banks every day or delivery of food and beverage products by multiples to their retail outlets all over the country by the Bakhresa Food Products Ltd, demands high levels of efficiency and control. On the other hand, companies also need to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in the future. Hence they need to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. This poses one of the most fundamental problems for management today. That is managing the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency. Efficiency gains The efficient day to day operations within an organization require stable routines which can be achieved in stable and controlled environments The development of new products/services requires creativity and room to try out new ideas this is achieved in a loose and flexible environment Creativity gains Take any medium to large company and examine its operations and activities. Every company has to ensure that their products are carefully manufactured to precise specifications and that they are delivered for customers on time day after day. In this hectic, repetitive and highly organized environment, the need to squeeze out any slack or inefficiencies is crucial to ensure a firms costs are lower than their competitors. However the long-term economic growth is dependent on the ability of firms to make improvements to products and manufacturing processes. This means that the firms need to make room for creativity and innovation, that is, allow slack in the system. Here then is the dilemma: how do firms try to reduce costs and slack to improve competitiveness on the one hand and then try to provide slack for innovation on the other? The firm has to do balancing: The firm needs to ensure there is a constant pressure to drive down costs and improve efficiency in its operations. At the sa me time it needs to provide room for new product development and improvements to be made the most obvious way forward is to separate production from R D. However there are many improvements and innovations that arise out of the operations of the firm. On the one hand Bakhresa Group requires stability and static routines to accomplish the daily tasks efficiently and quickly and on the other hand, Bakhresa Group also needs to develop new ideas and new products to be competitive in future and it needs to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and developed. The Bakhresa group has shown that it can effectively manage this tension by the way it has been producing new and innovative products, while also managing to efficiently distribute its food products throughout the region. The diversification of the industry by entering into new businesses that support or complement existing businesses, such as manufacturing of packaging products by the Omar Packaging industries, as well as diversification of product range in the juice factories; at the same time the Group timely deliveries through its wide distribution network and logistic system shows that the Bakhresa Group well manages the tension between the need for need for creativity and efficiency. The group can do better management of this tension by ensuring that there is just enough slack at the subsidiaries or functional organisational level to foster creativity, but have stringent control at the higher management level of the Group to maintain its efficiency. Because this higher management which is the board of director of the group is the one that oversees the cross functional collaboration and integration of the various units that collaborate or complement each other in achieving its missions. For example the need to have frequent ferries to Zanzibar, so that fresh breads and ice-cream could be delivered on time. 3. ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT FACILITATE THE INNOVATION PROCESS Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa Group Organizational Characteristics that Facilitate the Innovation Process The innovation process is complex in nature as it involves the relationship between the stimulus, capacity and performance of such innovation. This complex relationship need to be nurtured by favourable characteristics of the organisation such as growth orientation, vigilance, commitment to technology, acceptance of risk, cross functional cooperation, receptivity, slack, adaptability and diverse range of skills. Growth Orientation This is characterized by a commitment to long-term growth rather than short-term profit. Not all companies first and foremost objective is growth. Some companies are established merely to exploit a short-term opportunity, other companies would like to maintain the company at its existing size: the objective of innovative companies is to grow the business the actively plan for the long-term. Vigilance It is characterized by the ability of the organization to be aware of its threats and opportunities. Vigilance requires continual external scanning e.g. within the marketing function the activity would form part of market research and competitor analysis. Collecting valuable information is one thing, but relaying it to the necessary individuals and acting on it are two necessary associated requirements. An open communication system will help facilitate this Commitment to Technology It is characterized by the willingness to invest in the long-term development of technology. Most innovative firms exhibit patience in permitting ideas to geminate and develop overtime. These needs to be accompanied by a commitment to resources in terms of intellectual input without a long-term approach it would be extremely difficult for the company to attract good scientists. Acceptance of risk Acceptance of risk is characterized by the willingness to include risky opportunities in a balanced portfolio. It means the willingness to consider carefully risky opportunities. Ability to take calculated risks and include them in a balanced portfolio of projects. Cross-functional Cooperation It is characterized by mutual respect among individuals and a willingness to work together across functions. Inter-departmental conflict is a well-documented barrier to innovation. Often conflict has been observed between marketing and RD functions as the two groups often have very different interests. Receptivity: It is characterized by the ability to be aware of, to identify and take effective advantage of externally developed technology. Most technology based innovations involve a combination of several different technologies. It would be unusual for all the technology to be developed in house. That is why business are witnessing an increasing number of joint ventures and alliances. Slack It is characterized by an ability to manage the innovation dilemma and provide room for creativity while organizations place a great emphasis on the need for efficiency, there is also a need for a certain amount of slack to allow individuals room to think, experiment, discuss ideas and be creative. Adaptability: It is characterized by a readiness to accept change. The development of new product innovations will invariably lead to disruptions to established organizational activities. Major or radical innovations may result in significant changes, although the two are not necessarily linked. The organization must be ready to accept change in the way it manages its internal activities. Otherwise proposed innovations would be stifled due to a reluctance to alter existing ways of working or to learn new techniques. Diverse Range of Skills: It is characterized by a combination of specialization and diversity of knowledge and skills organizations require individuals of a hybrid nature who are able to understand a variety of technical subjects and facilitate the transfer of knowledge within the company. It is the ability of the organization to manage this diversity of knowledge skills effectively that lies at the heart of the innovation process. The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities. The Bakhresa group is heavily investing in its profitable companies such as those of grain mills, by purchasing newer and higher capacity plants, as well as by expanding into new markets abroad. They have bought and renovated grain mills in Malawi, and build a new one in Uganda and Rwanda. Bakhresa group is vigilant on its environment, and has been able to capture emerging opportunities of privatisation programmes in Tanzania and elsewhere (Malawi) to start businesses. Has been able to capture the interest of International financing partners to start a business at the port of Nacala in Mozambique. The group is investing in latest technologies across all the industries its operating, it has purchased new plants and mills from Italy and Sweden, it has ordered brand new ferry boats from Australia. Its communication company SatAfrik ltd is utilising latest satellite, GPS and GSM technologies; and it effectively support its transport and logistics companies. The group has strong Cross-functional Cooperation; because most of the companies were established with a view to integrate with the existing companies and businesses. Packaging company was established to support grain mills and food products, transport and logistics companies to run efficient distribution and supplies Bakhresa group has good receptivity of technologies developed in other areas such as Europe and Australia. It provides some amount of slack for creativity behaviour although it does not easily adapt to changing environment. The group shows the diverse range of skills from its top management to the other members of functional areas. It has business management experts, engineers, logistics, marketing and great sales force. 4. KEY INDIVIDUAL ROLES WITHIN THE INNOVATION PROCESS Explain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa Group The Role of the individual in the innovation Process Innovation process is essentially a people process and that organizational structure, formal decision making processes, delegation of authority and other formal aspects of a so-called well-run company are not necessary conditions for successful technological innovation. The study of Rubenstein has revealed that certain individuals had fulfilled a variety of roles that had contributed to successful technological innovation. (Trott 2010) GATEKEEPERS These people collect and channel information about changes in the technical environment. They stay current with events and ideas through personal contacts, professional meetings, and news media. When gatekeepers find relevant information, they send it to the appropriate person or unit for follow up. IDEA GENERATORS This role involves analysis of information about new technologies, products, or procedures in order to yield a new idea for the company. The fresh idea may be innovative solution to an existing problem in product or business development or the identification of a new marketplace opportunity. CHAMPIONS Champions advocate and push for the new idea. This role involves obtaining and applying the resources and staff to demonstrate the ideas feasibility. Champions are concerned about results, not risk, and do not spend time studying the consequences of failure. Their mission is to remove obstacles. PROJECT MANAGERS Someone has to draw up schedules and budgets; arrange periodic information session and status reports; coordinate labour,

Things Fall Apart Essay examples -- essays research papers

Things Fall Apart   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chinua Achebe?s Things Fall Apart is a narrative story that follows the life of an African man called Okonkwo. The setting of the book is in eastern Nigeria, on the eve of British colonialism in Africa. The novel illustrates Okonkwo?s struggles, triumphs, and his eventual downfall, all of which basically coincide with the Igbo?s society?s struggle with the Christian religion and British government. In this essay I will give a biographical account of Okonwo, which will serve to help understand that social, political, and economic institutions of the Igbos.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the novel Okonkwo was a fairly wealthy and well-respected member of the Igbo society, but it had not always been that way for him. Okonkwo?s father, Unoka, had been a lazy man who would rather play his flute than take care of his crops. Unoka was said to be a charming man, and was able to borrow large amounts of money from his friends, but was never able to pay it back. As a result, Okonkwo has grown up very poor and ashamed of his lazy father. At one point in the book, Okonkwo remembers hearing one of his playmates calling his father an ?agbala,? which was the word for woman, but all described a man who had taken not titles (13). Okonkwo never forgets this, and actually develops a deep-seated fear that people will think that he is weak like his father. As I mentioned, Okonkwo became very well known, and his wealth and prestige rested solely on his own personal achievements. Okonkwo had received no inheritance from his poor father, no land and no money. As a young man, Okonkwo had been very successful wrestler, and as he grew older he became a well-known warrior. He was said to have brought home five human heads, which was a great achievement even for men who were much older that he was. At the beginning of the story, Okonkwo had obtained two titles, and had the respect of every man from all nine villages of Umuofia. Symbols of his wealth and prestige were his family and his compound. As I mentioned earlier, Okonwo had received no inheritance, and at the time of this story Okonkwo is still fairly young, and the fact that he had three wives, several children, and a very productive piece of land showed that Okonkwo was a very diligent worker. ?Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially... ... a meeting, Okonkwo, knowing that his clansmen would do nothing to drive the white men away form their villages, killed a messenger. He then went home and committed suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Okonkwo is often described as being similar to characters in Greek tragedies. Okonkwo knew that the end of his clan was coming, and that they would do nothing to prevent it from happening. He took his life out of desperation. He had struggled his whole life to become a respected member of his community, and suddenly his world is turned upside down and changed forever because of an accident. Okonkwo sees that he is fighting a losing battle, so he quits. Suicide was one of the biggest offenses that could be committed against the earth, and Okonkwo?s own clansmen could not bury him. Okonkwo?s death symbolizes the end of patriarchy in Umuofia. The last page of the book is from the point of view of the white Commissioner, who notes that he wants to include a paragraph on Okonkwo?s life in his book entitled The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of Lower Niger. Okonkwo?s struggles, triumphs and defeats are all reduced to a paragraph, much like his culture and society will be reduced.

Things I’ve learned

I've learned One of the first things that I have learned since Eve been In this class was how to be better at communication. Often at times we as people seem to only think about ourselves, It's not a good thing but we are human. In the world of business I am my own brand but I'm not the most important piece in the puzzle.Teamwork is the key because the same people that I see going up the ladder will most likely be he same people I see coming down. With that being said, I will try my best not to burn any bridges because you never know who or what that you might need In life. The second thing that I have learned since being in this class is emotional Intelligence. A lot of people claim to have emotional intelligence but lack the confidence within themselves to properly express it and in this line of business find It crucial.With limited knowledge of self and emotional intelligence one can ender their success. With emotional intelligence a person can communicate effectively because with out communication you can't be an effective player in this game of life. The third thing I've learned was the Dry. Phil test. It was important because it was Like looking In the mirror and being critical of myself to put things In 1 OFF learned since being in this class is trust and how to effectively complete proposals.

Problem of USA exposed by the great depression

Problem of USA exposed by the great depression USA experienced a horrible economic meltdown that impacted on various aspects of economy such as farming and industrial sector; this was from from1929 to 1942[1]. The recession was triggered by various fiscal features such as the vast margin between the poor and the wealthy, government debts and surplus production of commodities only to mention a few.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Problem of USA exposed by the great depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business failure, depreciated stock prices, high unemployment rates are some of the negative impacts created by the depression[2]. The depression exposed various societal and economic problems faced by USA that they hardly knew. Since the depression was partially caused by the imbalanced allotment of resources, it revealed that the US economy suffered a colossal wealth imbalance. It indicated the huge margin that existed between the wealthy and the poor. Additionally, it meant that a significant proportion of national wealth was controlled by few tycoons who never even felt the impact during the depression. The depression also revealed how the US administration, commerce and financial entities were incapable of coping with the economic meltdown. This was evident when businesses were unable to sustain the depression leading to closure. Consequently, people lost their jobs leading to reduced purchasing power within the constraints of the economy[3]. In addition, many financial institutions such as banks reduced their operations due to a decrease in customer savings. This was indication that businesses had no mechanisms that would mitigate such a situation. The depression also revealed an incapacitated government that was unable to handle an economic crisis before it worsens[4]. It never had effective immediate strategies such as stimulus packages that would curb the situation but instead it relied on market forces, an approach t hat was unrealistic. The depression revealed a society with ineffective mechanisms that were incapable of handling an economic crunch. Instead of coming up with creative approaches of curbing the situation, the society (the poor) languished in poverty without any concrete efforts.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The depression also revealed how prosperous person never cared much about the poor since to them it was an opportunity to gain more wealth at the expense of the poor. Due to doubts of their investment security, Americans lacked confidence on their economy. It was so long before they regained assurance of their financial system, a setback that accelerated the crisis[5]. This clearly pointed out how people in US had lost faith with their economy. Racism was at its peak to an extent that it was applicable even for the fewer jobs available. This exposed how immo ral the US society was at the expense of certain innocent races, especially at this crucial moment. Sometimes one may not understand problems that a country faces until an event that reveals them comes to pass. American’s suffered because they didn’t have effective instruments capable of preventing or minimizing the dreadful period. If only recognized their societal and economic weaknesses in time they could have come up with different approaches to limit the situation. Even though the economy of US was worst hit by the depression, some few individual emerged courageous and successfully regained back their economy, thank to President Franklin Roosevelt’s new ideas. This should act as an example to many states that have no mechanism to combat with recession. The lessons drawn from the recession are numerous and should serve as examples to different nations. Bibliography Constantinides, George. Harris, Milton. Stulz, Rene’. Handbook of the economics of Fin ance (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003) 106-134 Cravens, Hamilton. Great Depression: people and perspectives. (California: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 143 Footnotes Cravens, Hamilton. Great Depression: people and perspectives. (California: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 143 Cravens, Hamilton. Great Depression: people and perspectives. (California: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 143 Cravens, Hamilton. Great Depression: people and perspectives. (California: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 143 Cravens, Hamilton. Great Depression: people and perspectives. (California: ABC-CLIO, 2009) 143 Constantinides, George. Harris, Milton. Stulz, Rene’. Handbook of the economics of Finance (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003) 106-134