Aral Sea Essays

Aral Sea Essays Aral Sea Essay Aral Sea Essay Struggle and conflicts for water among people are unavoidable. Situation is no different in developed and developing countries. Developed countries like Belgium, Great Britain, Poland, Singapore, and North America are already feeling water stress. It becomes difficult for rivers and groundwater resources in UK to satisfy the augmented water demands of summer heat. Similarly in USA, agricultural requirements are fighting for their share with urban needs of water. Different states in India are fighting for their share of water bodies. Chinese farmers are sacrificing their water needs to feed urban demands of cities. Less water for irrigation means less food grains production and eventually a global food crisis. Shared water resources among countries will add to this fight. For instance Africa, where the conditions are already worse, will see different countries fighting for the Nile, Zambezi, Niger, and Volta river basins to meet their water needs. Similarly Aral Sea Basin for Central Asia and rivers like Amu Darya and Syr Darya will be a subject of conflict among Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The US and Mexico also share cold space over the Colorado River (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; Ch. 3. 3 ). Pollution has been the biggest enemy of rivers, lakes and other freshwater resources. Many rivers and lakes today are nothing more than garbage dumps. Industries discard their toxic chemical wastes in the water resources. Use of toxic chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is polluting ground water resources. People will use 70% of surface freshwater available in rivers and lakes by 2025 which at present is 54%. This will disturb the whole balance of nature and other aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants. Ecosystems like wetlands are of enormous importance. They help human beings in different ways serving as flood regulators, waste filtration systems and natural flora and fauna habitats. Mismanagement of water resources has led to the extinction of numerous species of invaluable freshwater fish. Damage done is irreversible. Trees are vital for water conservation as they replenish groundwater, protect soil erosion and balance the hydrological cycle. Growing population and industrialization is eating away forests at an alarming rate adding to the problems (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 4). Millions of people are dying around the world due to the unavailability of clean and safe water for their daily requirements. Situation is more disappointing in developing countries where major diseases and deaths occur because of water related diseases. Water borne diseases are caused from contaminated water. Unclean water for drinking and not enough water for sanitation give rise to water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, shigella, polio, meningitis, and hepatitis A and E claiming millions of lives every year. Disposal of human and animal wastes in freshwater resources infects the water and hence leads to the spread of diseases. Industrial and agricultural chemical wastes in water can lead to diseases like cancer. Authorities should take steps to provide clean water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Provision of proper sanitation facilities is also very important for appropriate waste disposal. Another set of diseases is called water based diseases spread by flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and tissue nematodes that live in contaminated water. Diseases like guinea worm (dracunculiasis), paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) fall under this category. These diseases are more common in areas near Dams. Keeping a distance from unhygienic water and food can help prevent thee diseases from spreading. Water-related vector diseases are spread by mosquitoes, tsetse flies and other insects that carry infections. These carriers live in foul and unclean water and cause diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, and filariasis. Using pesticides to kill these insects and wiping out their breeding grounds like dirty and stagnant water helps preventing these diseases. Trachoma, leprosy, tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria are the diseases that spread due to insufficient water for maintaining personal hygiene. These can be prevented by providing enough water for sanitation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 5). Water conservation and proper use is very important for ensuring adequate availability of water to everyone on this earth including flora and fauna. Every area needs improvement and water management. Water used for irrigation in agriculture needs foremost attention. A lot of water is wasted while reaching crops through irrigation systems. Some of it gets recovered as groundwater but majority of it gets contaminated by chemicals. On one side inadequate water for irrigation limits land use and crop yield while on the other side excess of water in the fields can lead to water logging and salinization and hence destruction of land and crops. Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation and low-energy precision application (LEPA) can improve irrigation efficiency considerably. Drip irrigation lowers the wastage of water and is getting widely adopted. LEPA is an efficient form of sprinkler system leading to water conservation and increased food production. Water harvesting by collecting water in rainy season and using in dry season is also an attractive option for poor countries. Treated urban wastewater can also be used for irrigation. Israel is famous for its urban wastewater reuse for agriculture purpose. Stopping deforestation and planting more and more trees also helps in water conservation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6). Water in industries must be recycled and used again and again to save precious natural resource. Many industries employ these techniques to conserve water. Chemicals, iron and steel, and pulp and paper are some of the industries that must pay attention to their water usage and adopt water conservation techniques. In household, people must save water and use it sensibly. We will have to pay the price of wasting water uselessly when in excess sooner or later. Only needed quantity of water must be used. Municipal corporations must ensure that their water transit systems are efficient enough not to waste water and maximum share must reach consumers. Leakage from pipes and illegal tapping must be checked. Laws to prevent stealing and wastage of water must be formulated by the authorities (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 2). Population growth is the biggest challenge to be dealt with for saving water. Growing population at unregulated rates is a major problem especially in developing countries that already face water scarcity. It is very important for people to adopt family planning measures to keep a check on the rising population. Authorities must also educate people and spread awareness about the harms of unregulated births. They must inform people about the family planning measures and offer every kind of medical and financial help to achieve this objective (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 5). Techniques like pressurization of seawater, filtration via carbon nanotubes, and reverse osmosis can be used for desalinization of water to add to fresh water. Presently these treatments are very expensive. Promotion of vegetarian eating habits and saltwater agriculture on coastlines is needed (â€Å"Water†). Efforts are required on international, national and regional levels for water conservation. Countries must formulate policies and must support each other’s initiatives to create a better living place. Money and resources are essential and developed countries must support developing countries (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 7). Save water! Its precious! Hinrichsen, D. , Robey, B. , and Upadhyay, U. D. â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†. Population Reports, Series M, No. 14. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, December 1997. November 23, 2008 infoforhealth. org/pr/m14/m14chap1. shtml#top â€Å"Water†. millennium-project. org. World Federation of UN Associations. November 23, 2008 millennium-project. org/millennium/Global_Challenges/chall-02. html

Cloned essays

Cloned essays Chicago scientist Richard Seed announced a plan to begin cloning human beings at his clinic in January of 1998. In November 1998, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission began conducting a thorough review of the issues associated with human stem cell research, in the United States. The stem cell is a unique and essential cell type found in all animals. In adult the organism stem cells are those that renew tissue, the most fundamental and extraordinary of the stem cells are found in the early stage of the embryo. Unlike the more differentiated adult stem cells or other cell types, embryonic stem (ES) cells, retain the special ability to develop into nearly any cell type. There are also embryonic germ (EG) cells, which originate from the primordial reproductive cells of a developing fetus and have properties similar to ES cells. Scientific reports of the successful isolation and culture of these specialized cells offer hope of new cures for debilitating and even fatal illness and a t the same time have renewed an important national debate about the ethics of research involving human embryos and fetal cadaver material. At the present moment, human stem cells can be derived only from human fetal tissue following elective abortion. Human pluripotent (having the ability to become any tissue) stem cells are able to be isolated and cultured with the unlimited capacity to divide and the ability to turn into most of the cells or tissues in the body. However, the technique used to create clone had initiated the debate on the controversial issue. Reported efforts by a small biotechnology company to clone embryos in order to derive stem cells had lead to House passage of a measure that would criminalize both therapeutic Nine bills on cloning have been introduced during the first session of the 107th Congress-seven in the House and two in the Senate. The bills contain similar definitions of cloning; they differ in ...

Case Study - Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Case Essay - 1

Case Study - Employment Law - Employment Discrimination Case - Essay Example They had both commented negatively towards him and it was evident that they were out to terminate his job and contract. Staub had earlier been made to check with his employer any time he left the job premises after false allegation that he had left the place of work. After some months, one of the supervisors maliciously reported Staub to the vice president for leaving the work area. This was followed by a discontinuation from his work by the vice president. The evidence given made the jury to rule in the favor of the complainant but some time later the federal court reversed the ruling. In the ruling, the judges claimed that the decision made by the vice president was not solely dependent on the information given by the supervisors. This therefore ruled him out of the discrimination case. Therefore, the Court of Appeal concluded that the company was not liable. This ruling was overturned by the Supreme Court on the basis that the employer remains liable if the decision made is motivated by a discrimination bias. According to Guerin (2011), this ruling was therefore in favor of Staub and that served as a great motivation to employees going through the same. This Act is therefore important in safeguarding the rights of employees against discriminatory supervisors. Guerin, L. (2011). Supreme Court victory for employees in discrimination case. Nolo’s Employment Law Blog. Retrieved from

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Direct and Indirect taxes - Essay Example There are a number of different terms for taxation and indeed taxation takes on many special sub categories. For example there are capital gains tax   which according to Reynolds (1999) represents a special tax placed on capital gains which are profits recognized from the sale of assets purchased at a lower price such as properties, commodities etc. A second example would be a corporate tax which is a specialized tax placed directly on a corporation or other such business entity (Depending on the jurisdiction). A third example would be an inheritance tax which can be any sort of taxes levied after the death of an individual. Tariffs often form an important element of taxation as it represents a specialized tax levied on the importation of goods or the movement of goods through a nation’s borders (this may hold special significance in an increasingly globalized economy). A last example of a specialized tax is called a toll which is some sort of fee levied for the right to tra vel on a maintained road or waterway, in this regard the income received from such a tax would typically be used to maintain the condition of the passageway.   What is important to keep in mind is that any particular jurisdiction may have any number of direct, indirect or specialized tax used in any combination to suit the needs of the local citizenry. In this regard taxation can be tailored to meet the specialized needs of a particular area. According to Smith (1776) it is the case that every state ought to contribute towards supporting.

Traffic management, Public transport, Pedestrian and Disabled access Assignment

Traffic management, Public transport, Pedestrian and Disabled access - Assignment Example For the people without any form of disability, the gaps and loopholes that exist within the transport network can be filled by driving cars, cycling, walking or using the most appropriate mode of public transport (Rickert, 2006). For the people with disability, any gap in connectivity which may include factors such as lack of ramps, safe crossings and lack of properly designed paths may only be filled through seeking assistance from the able people so as to reach their destination (Oxley, 2002). Traffic management takes into consideration all the network users and comes up with a proper layout that can best accommodate both the people with disability and those without. Fundamentally, traffic management involves measures taken by responsible authorities to alleviate or reduce traffic congestion at all possible costs, increase safety for both traffic flow and pedestrians and utilization of other relevant mode of transport in an effective and efficient way (COST, 2013). Traffic management involves route suitability analysis to ensure excess traffic in a certain roads is diverted into less congested areas, selecting the most appropriate mode and means of transport to ensure a free flow of traffic. Pertinent aspects of traffic management should be considered in order to facilitate an effective traffic. They are the traffic information, driver monitoring with up-to-date information. The latest information is very crucial in traffic management because it gives a clear condition of roads in terms of weather patterns, maintenance, incidences on roads, situations and a possible alternative route (DFID, 2004). Many research articles have stressed the importa nce of traffic management due to its benefits. Traffic management is only possible and achievable under certain conditions. They go hand in hand with a good transportation system with good roads, operational traffic lights, well maintained roads and driver monitoring to ensure

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas

Public Sphere By Jurgen Habermas Public sphere, according to Habermas, is a democracy approach in which different groups of people coming together to share their opinion towards social and political issues (Lubenow, 2012). Harbermes point of view was based on the concept of deliberative democracy. To him, democracy is achieved through the involvement of public into the political system. Habermess concept was force moving towards communicative power in democracy terms. Habermas s idea (as cited in Lubenow, 2012) communicated that the public sphere is an interactive structure which make-up by the state, the political system, and also the private sectors in this civil society. Thus, the function of public sphere is to provide a social platform where public opinion is heard. Added, the public sphere play the role of articulating public opinion which involves integrate themes, arguments and contributions, and to carried the voice of the public in discussing the issue faced by the current civil society and to generate res olution as well as to aid in decision making processes (Lubenow, 2012). Generally, the Habermasian idea on democracy is based on the central of public sphere. In simple words, public sphere is an open platform for each and every citizen to discuss and share their view on political issue in equal chances and status (Maia, 2007). The concept of public sphere emerges from two perspectives. The historical perspective which means a lots of different individual persons assembles to form a public to debate political issue or matters of common interest. Besides that, the public sphere is described from a normative perspective. This sphere constitute to a new source of power legitimation through rational and critical debates. This highlighted that democracy is a new form of domination which members need to give acknowledgement to the norms and decisions made (Maia, 2007). However, there were some later theories that developed as advancement in explaining the public sphere. For instance, Hannah Arendt proposed the agonistic concept of public space. In his explanation, his criticize that the loss of public space in the modern society. Arendts political point of view stresses the changes in the social world contributed to the decrease of public sphere. The interaction of social with politics is more of not a concrete one whereby people behave accordingly to the social set of so called norms instead of acting and thinking critically. Arendt also accounted public space is the space for freedom and execution of power through speech and persuasion (Benhabib, 1992). Another model that explained the public sphere is the liberal model of public dialogue. This particular concept is from Bruce Ackerman in which he conveyed liberalism is a form of political culture based on conversational constraints. Ackermans concern was the way different groups can resolve the problem of living together harmoniously yet do not share the same thoughts of good. Conversational restraint is the path to understand the phenomenon. The concept of it emphasizes on neutrality when dealing with disagreement between two parties. When disagreement occurs, in is important to not fight back in another dimension of moral truth or value but to use dialogue to identify the norms that enforce mutual trust and respect reasonably according to respective culture (Benhabib, 1992). The difernces of this two model concept and model as compare to Habermass model of public sphere is that in Habermass view is that public sphere should be more democratic affected by both social norms and political decisions. Moreover, public sphere should not be based merely on legitimation from public dialogue, but instead judged by the model of practical discourse (Benhabib, 1992). The history and development of public sphere begin as a bourgeois society to guaranteed free speech, free press, and free assembly (Fraser, 1990). Public opinion is formed as a result of these free discussion and debate. Public sphere therefore offered an idea on how democracy should be. It should be open, able to be accessible, and not restricted to any rational discussion of public matters (Fraser, 1990). Having said that, the idea of Habermas on public sphere also has certain limitations. According to Fraser (1990), Habermas fails to recognize other, nonliberal, nonbourgeois, competing public spheres, which caused him only to focus on merely liberal public sphere. Besides that, Habermas idea rest on a class-and gender-biased and also a conflict when trying to adopt his idea in this new century and era since his idea was a way long ago developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Therefore, his idea was rethink and revisit by scholars from time to time in democracy term. Another neglected yet important factor influencing the public sphere is the influence of media and mass communication on democracy (Maia, 2007). Habermas (as cited in Rasmusseri, 2007) elaborated that the function of media in public here is for members of the community to raise issues, provide arguments, specify interpretations and propose solutions. In his paper, Rasmusseri (2007) studied the use of internet and its contribution to the political public sphere among the multiple views in the diverse population which can be convenient yet complicated. Media included the main stream media (the press, cable TV, and broadcasting) and the new media (networking such as internet) is playing an important role in todays society in communicating to the public audiences on social and political issues. However, the mass media filters the information before sending it out so that receivers more or less receive the same information more or less in the same manner (Rasmussen, 2007). The internet-ba sed communication is called as the new media provides more opportunities for members in the public sphere to give feed-back and comment. However, there was also a problem of validity and reliability of the sources of information because such information comes from a wide range of users from the internet and different participants giving own individual opinions for events, topics, and views. The divergence of sources leaves validity and reliability of the information hard to be determined. Habermas, later on, revise and clarify some of his earlier concept. He focuses more on sovereignty within large group instead of individuals preferences and choice. Thus, he made the conclusion that democracy is much determined on deliberation yet not ones will (Maia, 2007). (Maia, 2007) (Rasmussen, 2007) (Fraser, 1990) (Lubenow, 2012) Seyla Benhabib, Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition, and Jurgen Habermas, in Craig J. Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), 73-98.

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Essay -- The Devil And

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Washington Irving the author of The Devil and Tom Walker uses the setting of the story to convey that things with a good appearance can be deceiving and be putrid on the inside. He also creates the right atmosphere for the story, and gives precise details to the audience so they can predict the topic and how it will develop. In addition, he describes each character in a manner that the readers can infer who they are, their personal characteristics, and the decisions that they might make throughout the development of the story. Moreover, he provides a background for each character in order to understand their actions and their ending. This tall tale occurs near Boston, Massachusetts that as recorded in history was the place that held the witch hangings in 1692. Moreover he wrote â€Å"†¦there is a deep inlet, winding several miles into the interior of the country from Charles Bay, and terminating in a thickly wooded swamp or morass.† The mentioned description and information gives an overview that the tale may contain supernatural situations and smuggling – or related situations- because it provides the perfect sinister and gloomy environment. As equally important when Irving describes the swamp, where most of the story take place, he gives details such as â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the waters’ edge into a high ridge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He also says â€Å"It was full of pits...

Why Did People Vote for the Nazi Party

Why did people vote for the Nazi party? ~ Young Unemployed Man 1929 I have decided to vote for the Nazi party. Right now our country is in a depression, and our people are suffering from misery and poverty. Adolf Hitler has promised to make our country a better place by overcoming these problems. His plans for us are so great. He believes in a brighter future for our country. We shall see his dream appearing before our very eyes. In a speech Adolf Hitler gave; he said, â€Å" I’ve made it clear the German nation will be restored only when the German people find their inner strength once more! He believes in our people and our country. He wants the country to become a better place not only for him but also his supporters. He believes he is able to restore our country to its former glory, before World War 2 and the treaty of Versailles. He believes in creating a pure nation, made up of only us Germans. He shows the true weaknesses of democracy. The weaknesses only some people k now of, he shows how unorganized and chaotic their business is.He wants to show us that we have made the wrong decisions in the past and that there can be a new future. A future, which will be filled with hope and discipline. This hope helps us to continue on, and look forward to the future. The promises he made goes out to everyone of all classes, but the most important one he made was to give work to the unemployed. Unemployment is the reason why the country is failing. So when the Nazi party is elected I can finally feed my family again, we can keep warm in the winter and maybe even afford little luxuries.The country will no longer be seen as a disappointment but as a haven, for those people like me, who have nothing but a few scrapes to live off of. The Nazi party has made big promises in which I believe will help our country achieve success. Not only that but it will benefit all of us in the country. All other parties’ promises seem like a disappointment in comparision. Those promises are only a minor achievement but our country wants to create power and purity. â€Å"Heil Hitler! †

List of Academic Geography Journals

List of Academic Geography Journals What follows is a listing of important academic journals devoted to geography. You should be able to find most in large academic (university) libraries at universities that include geography departments.   General U.S. Annals of the Association of American GeographersFocusGeographical ReviewJournal of GeographyLandscapeNational Geographic ResearchNational Geographic MagazineProfessional Geographer General International AreaAustralian GeographerAustralian Geographical StudiesCanadian GeographerCanadian GeographicGeoforumGeographicalGeographyGeographical Journal of RGSGeoJournalInstitute of British Geographers. TransactionsNew Zealand GeographerNew Zealand Journal of Geography Human Geography Economic GeographyEnvironment and Planning D: Society and SpaceGeografiska Annaler. Series B. Human GeographyJournal of Cultural GeographyJournal of Historical GeographyPolitical GeographyProgress in Human GeographyUrban Geography Human Geography Related Annals of Tourism ResearchAsian and Pacific Migration JournalDemographyEconomic Development and Cultural ChangeEkisticsHuman EcologyJournal of Regional ScienceJournal of the American Institute of PlannersLand EconomicsLandscape and Urban PlanningNationalities PapersPopulation and Development ReviewInternational Journal of Population GeographyInternational Migration ReviewPlanningRegional Science and Urban EconomicsRegional StudiesSocial Science and Medicine D: Medical GeographyUrban Affairs QuarterlyUrban AnthropologyUrban Studies Physical Geography Atmosphere-OceanBoundary-Layer MeteorologyBulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyEarth Surface Processes and LandformsGeografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical GeographyJournal of the Atmospheric SciencesJournal of BiogeographyJournal of ClimateJournal of Climate and Applied MeteorologyJournal of HydrologyMeteorology and Atmospheric PhysicsMeteorological MagazineMonthly Weather ReviewPhysical GeographyProgress in Physical GeographyQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological SocietyTheoretical and Applied ClimatologyWeatherWeatherwiseWorld Meteorology Organization BulletinZeitschrift fur GeomorphologieZeitschrift fur Meteorologie Physical Geography Related Advances in HydroscienceBiological ConservationBulletin of the Geological Society of AmericaCanadian Journal of the Earth SciencesCatenaEarth ScienceEarth Science ReviewsThe EcologistEcologyEnvironmentEnvironmental EthicsEnvironmental PollutionInternational Journal of Environmental StudiesJournal of GlaciologyJournal of Sedimentary PetrologyMazingiraQuarternary ResearchWater Resources BulletinWater Resources ResearchJournal of Soil and Water ConservationJournal of the Soil Science Society of AmericaRestoration EcologyWild Earth Other - Technique/Approach AntipodeApplied GeographyCartographic JournalCartographicaCartographyCartography and Geographic Information SystemsGeographical AnalysisGeoworldImago MundiITC JournalPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote SensingWorld Cartography Region-Based Annals of Arid ZonesArcticArctic and Alpine ResearchAustralian Meteorology MagazineChina GeographerGeographica PolanicaPolar RecordPost-Soviet Geography

Free Essays on Imperial Rome

The study of Roman imperial historywhich in practical terms began from the 60s BCEpresents the modern reader with certain paradigmatic issues relevant to governments and societies today. In broadest terms, the persistent dilemma was how to modify government structures and ethos as state and society expanded geographically and demographically. The republican ideal of Rome had somewhat made sense in a time when the state was little more than the preeminent city in a Mediterranean peninsular area, and needed to ensure its own survival and domination of surrounding locales. By the middle of the final century BCE, however, Rome had become the center of a multi-continent empire stretching from Spain to Iraq. Thus, one can present the continuing civil unrest from 80 to 30 BCE as the inability of an expanded city government to cope with the needs of an empire's administration. Part of these needs consisted of large armies far from home. In such cases, powerful generals could emerge, and after Marius' military reforms of the 90s BCE, the soldiers in these legions became dependent upon generals for material survival. In turn, soldiers and veterans strengthened military leaders' political power as a pay-off. As the ensuing half-century showed, the Senate could not thwart a powerful general with charisma and a mass base of political support. Also lacking in a city government weighted down with imperial responsibilities was an efficient Empire-wide civil service and economic administration. Roman fiscal exactions and provincial administration often were, or at least appeared, erratic or irrational. A common pattern of Roman governance involved Rome responding ineffectually at first to a local disturbance, which grew to such extents that Rome had to invest large human and material assets to bring a resolution to a crisis that better administration would have pr evented. Of course, Roman statesmen had long thought about reforms in their state a... Free Essays on Imperial Rome Free Essays on Imperial Rome The study of Roman imperial historywhich in practical terms began from the 60s BCEpresents the modern reader with certain paradigmatic issues relevant to governments and societies today. In broadest terms, the persistent dilemma was how to modify government structures and ethos as state and society expanded geographically and demographically. The republican ideal of Rome had somewhat made sense in a time when the state was little more than the preeminent city in a Mediterranean peninsular area, and needed to ensure its own survival and domination of surrounding locales. By the middle of the final century BCE, however, Rome had become the center of a multi-continent empire stretching from Spain to Iraq. Thus, one can present the continuing civil unrest from 80 to 30 BCE as the inability of an expanded city government to cope with the needs of an empire's administration. Part of these needs consisted of large armies far from home. In such cases, powerful generals could emerge, and after Marius' military reforms of the 90s BCE, the soldiers in these legions became dependent upon generals for material survival. In turn, soldiers and veterans strengthened military leaders' political power as a pay-off. As the ensuing half-century showed, the Senate could not thwart a powerful general with charisma and a mass base of political support. Also lacking in a city government weighted down with imperial responsibilities was an efficient Empire-wide civil service and economic administration. Roman fiscal exactions and provincial administration often were, or at least appeared, erratic or irrational. A common pattern of Roman governance involved Rome responding ineffectually at first to a local disturbance, which grew to such extents that Rome had to invest large human and material assets to bring a resolution to a crisis that better administration would have pr evented. Of course, Roman statesmen had long thought about reforms in their state a...

Smallpox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smallpox - Essay Example Even when not fatal, the disease can cause significant disfigurement and scarring. It was once the scourge of mankind, wreaking havoc across the European continent for centuries. Fortunately, modern medicine has determined the variola virus to be the only known cause of smallpox, making it possible to contain the illness by eliminating the variola virus. Uncontrolled, a smallpox outbreak can be expected to infect approximately 30 percent of those individuals exposed to it. Approximately 30 percent of these can be expected to die from the infection. The potential of the illness for use as a biological weapon has been proven in the past with its introduction to the ‘new continent’ and its use in decimating the American Indian tribes while more recent research suggests it retains a highly dangerous potential in the modern world setting. According to Henderson (et al, 1999), â€Å"researchers estimate that only 10-100 virus particles are necessary to infect someone† w hile inoculation supplies and efforts are insufficient to meet the challenge. An understanding of the history of the illness illustrates the importance for the nation’s healthcare workers to be familiar with the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, prevention efforts and gaps in information regarding this illness. For centuries, the smallpox virus plagued mankind, regularly decimating populations in Europe and Asia as the virus was passed from person to person throughout the world on a continuous basis. Smallpox does not survive in animals nor is it known to be a carrier disease, in the sense that individuals might carry the illness without suffering its ill effects, so it can only survive as long as there are humans to suffer from it and more humans for these to pass it along to. With all the devastation that the illness caused, it wasn’t until 1796 before the first experimental vaccine against the illness was

Short Informal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Informal Report - Essay Example During the follow-up visits, I cemented a rapport with the exhibitor representatives and ensured that they received appropriate Indium Corporation literature. Most of the exhibitors were manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs, agrochemicals, and other chemical products. Chemical products distributors were also well represented. Most manufacturers were interested in the poster since some chemicals that Indium manufactures are raw materials for these companies. A good percentage of the distributors also had an eye on our poster. In total, according to my judgment, about ten exhibitors had a particular interest in Indium Corporation products. Our representatives gave them the Indium Corporation brochure and mini-poster (with Sticker). Five of them received the full-size version of the poster. I told exhibitors that I would telephone them within two weeks for purposes of following up. Richard Harris, technical manager, Grand Saw Machine Company. The company is a distributor of industrial chemicals for metal cutting, maintenance, cleaning, corrosion protection, lubrication, laboratory chemicals, and machine wear reduction. Products include sawing fluids, brighteners, laboratory reactants, sawing fluids, and cleaners. Ronald Franklin, regional manager, Kinex Pharmaceuticals. The company makes pharmaceutical products such as immunology and anti-cancer therapeutics. They thus require starting as well as intermediate raw materials like anhydrous acetate, hydroxide hydrated, and sulfate. Brenda Stinson, General Manager, Dynasty Chemical Corporation. The company requires chemicals from the manufacturing industries in order to distribute to customers. Indium Corporation manufactures most of the chemicals that the distributor needs. The conference gave me an overall impression that that there is a growing market for industrial chemicals.