Exploitation of Teenagers Essay Example for Free

Exploitation of Teenagers EssayOur Indian community is far better than the rest of the universe from the point of earn of glossiness as tumefy as conventions and ways of living provided on the early(a) side, if we glance into our parliamentary procedure, it has many favorable and political and economical evils much(prenominal) as bride burning, dowry corpse and dowry death, corruption in knowledgeal system, problem of illiteracy in India, domestic violence, communalism, injustice, crime against children, unemployment in India, suppression of human rights, poerty. some(prenominal) of the problems have been cast off from its core by the sociable propaganda and social aw beness and education and there ar still such unanswerable problems which essential be removed from the society only through the case-by-case consciousness. Literature is an echo or reflection of the society and that is why authors have a take aim connecter with the society and its values. They have always been successful in the vivid portrayal of the colourful and well cultured society. At the same time they neer hesitate to show a dirty and filthy image of the same society. One of the major themes in all genres of literature is social issues or problems. If we let out the present Indian society, the major problem that has taken place and has been most prevalent in the Indian society as well in the social unit globe is the problems of teens. Childhood is one of the niftyest and valuable periods in human life. It is that phase of life where a child is free from all the tensions, fun-loving, to play and learns new things, and is the most innocent of all the family members. This age of a child or teenager is of enjoying the naughtiness and likewise the time of learning and making c areer.If the teenagers work taking the whole familys responsibility instead of learning what will be the future of the nation? The issues relating to the exploitation of teenagers should be hi gh on any governments agenda. Children should be on the first call on agenda of human resource evolution non only because young children or teenagers are the most lost but because this age is the institution of lifelong learning and human development is totally dependent on these crucial early mean solar twenty-four hour periods.The constitution of any teenagers social, emotional, mental backg turgid is depended on the primary stage of childhood. Children or teenagers are considered as the future of any nation and as the power and heftiness of the nation lies in a healthy, protected, educated and well developed child population. Child abuse is covered in secrecy and there is a colossal conspiracy of silence among all the administrative power around the entire subject. Existing socio- economic conditions also render some children vulnerable and more at risk to abuse, exploitation and neglect. All the major or minor problems have their root causes from which it stems out.The C oncept of ExploitationThe awareness of this new phenomenon first emerged several years ago in Latin America, and more particularly in Asia. But the complete understanding of the term exploitation came into existence after many decades of the volumes slumber in the descriptor of Karl Marx, the first revolutionary against capitalism and industrialism which are the basic factors of exploitation. He was a revolutionary by spirit. He strongly believesThe worker becomes all the for describefuler the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and range. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates. With the increase value of the world of things proceeds in direct proportion to the devaluation of the world of men (Kreis 1).Thus Marx was against industrialism and capitalism that victimize the deal through the medium of mixed instruments yielding exploitations. Marx argued that the change in socio-economic conditions occurred thr ough organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism would end through the organized actions of an international working class, he did non believe in communism to be established he used abide the people to accept veritableity-an ideal to which we will have to adjust itself. He believes that there are only two communities 1.Abuser and 2. Abused people. Then Came Lenin Vladimir, a Russian Marxist revolutionary and then Stalin came with his own revolutionary thoughts. In India, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar, came into the form of semi-God figure, worshipped by the down-trodden people and untouchables of India. He enriched the jazzs of exploiting caste by awareness, revolution and by granted them the basic human rights.Gandhiji also completely advocated him his actions to eliminate the wrongs do towards low-caste and apply people. Exploitation has a strong relationship with the society as in the society there are many people who are being exploited or manipulated for the benef its of others. The term exploitation of teenagers basically has two meanings. One is to make use of someone for specific purpose whose age is more than xii and less than twenty, and the second one is to manipulate someone or something in an unjust or cruel manner. In the simplest of words, the term exploitation refers to using another(prenominal) persons labour without offering adequate rewards including all kinds of abuses as physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, psychological and mental.Exploitation of Teenagers as Reflected in Mulk Raj Anands Untouchable and CoolieDr. Mulk Raj Anands two tonics Untouchable and Coolie are the real representation of the condition of our society i.e. the phenomenon of exploitation of teenagers. Mulk Raj Anand was a man of realism and the characters of his Novels are more real and universal rather than prejudiced i.e. individual. Most of his writings are directly or indirectly investigating deeply the social process. To Anand literature is an expres sion of society and the large majority of questions raised by him are social questions question of tradition and convention, norms and genres, symbols and myth. Untouchable and Coolie are not only literary pieces became well make loven which talk close the behavioral pattern of untouchablity and the people strip of socially, culturally, religiously and but because of several exploitations of people including innocent children of that period.Undoubtedly Untouchable is Anands modern work which is the image of his societys trodden and exploited class. This book is considered to be an autobiographical note which came out as a form of his experiences. When Anand was a child, his father was employed as a Subedar in the Indian Army. During those days Anand mixed with the children of leather-workers, washer men and sweepers and came across their real daily life and its realities. This association and attachment continued till the days of his youth. Hence this Novel is the authentic docum ent of his lifes incidents. Untouchable is the story of the depravation of outcaste people and at the same time of the exploitation of teenagers. It basically deals with the different teenagers problems like Bakha, sister Sohini, his brother Rakha and some other his outcastes friends like Chota and Ramcharan we come across during their a days activities.Coolie is also a masterpiece depicting the reality of life. The title is very apt, suitable and reasonable as the story of the Novel revolves round a son named Munoo, a son of a porter who comes from his village to come out his pauperisation and works at various places. The peak of immorality of exploitation is expertly described by the author. The Novel also shows the highest level of inhumanity when pathetic Munoo works at socially, economically, and politically higher classes of Indian society. The Novel shows his adventures and journey of exploitation from servant, factory worker, rickshaw sirer to a child labourer. in that r espect is a large difference between social evil and social problem. A definition of a social problem may be suggestive of state of affairs which are not favorable in society and people searching for the practical cure. On the contrary social evil indicates more complex, threatening and indescribable, may an implication of more realism, a degree of incredulity and gloom whether any remedy keister be found. In everyday speech, both the terms are often used rhetorically and in substitution. There are many subjective and objective elements of social problems. Social problem includes many social forms and all share two beta elements an objective social condition and a subjective social condition.The objective element of a social problem refers to the existence of a social condition. Generally we learn about social condition through our own life experience, through the media and education. The subjective element of a social problem refers to a personal belief and view that a particula r social locating is harmful to the society or to a segment of society, it should and can be changed. We can take an example for illustration. We know that poverty, racism, violence, pollution, crime. They are not considered to be social problems they diminish the quality of human life. Combination of these subjective and objective elements led us to certain efforts. Every individual needs to take steps in order to make the nation a better place to live in.Mulk Raj Anand is considered to be God or the Nazarene in backward castes and exploited class just because of his brilliant works which describe down-trodden and poor Indias social, political, and cultural conditions. The Novels Untouchable and Coolie, which communicate the abuses of an exploited class- an untouchable boy in Untouchable and a waif, Munoo in Coolie. Untouchable and Coolie are the only Novels in which Anand has presented the realistic picture especially problems and exploitations of teenagers of the early decades of 20th vitamin C in India to reveal the social background with the unique observation of social reformer. Anand has not presented the teenage character in particularly but in a general way. The generator has not only painted his works with the idea of keeping his literary pieces mirror up to the Indian society but also made it mandatory to think about the masses, about the sufferers and abused people and provided ideal resolves.Untouchable and Coolie are legendary stories of two teenagers Bakha and Munoo, appear among the people of the modern society to tell their problems, abuses and exploitations they endured. Bakha and Munoo are the symbolic representatives of the whole teenage class of the present day who give a voice to the predicament of the understood humanity in odd circumstances. Anand has not presented the adolescent characters in particularly but in a general way.Like G.B.Shaw, Mulk Raj Anand is considered to be a great thinker and reformer of the society. He succeed ed in doing so by disturbing his readers putting the puzzle-like problems before the society like Shaw and never put a solution of a particular problem. No writer before Charles had handled the English people, similarly no Indo-English writer before Annad has devoted a strong sympathy to the poor, exploited class and neglected part of the society.The underdog protagonists Bakha and Munoo in both the Novels seem to sail in the same boat as far as personal and subjective suffering and exploitation is concerned. There is a parallel central theme in Untouchable and Coolie social exploitation, exploitation of the poor and the under-privileged class by the forces of capitalism, industrialism and colonialism. In Anands Coolie, Munoo is denied his fundamental rights to life and happiness and is exploited and made to suffer, till he dies of consumption. The Novelist makes it quite clear that Munoo is not the only victim of such exploitation. He represents millions of those for whom such exp loitation is the lot of everyday life.Both these Novels have been written with a purpose. These Novels are powerful condemnation of modern capitalistic Indian society and feudal system with the shameless and tragic exploitation of the underdog and poor which is also ready to sacrifice the poor teenagers and children who face the difficulties without protest. Both the protagonists desire to live but the society does not allow them to live. They die of exploitation, poverty and hunger. Thus, only a integrity problem that has attracted the attention of most of the writers, philosophers and administrators is the only exploitation of teenagers which can be possible to eradicate of this planet only through application of more possible improvements that can be beneficial for the teenagers. One of the table serviceful components is education which can help in relieving this major evil in the society.In the first Novel Untouchable we can rightly observe that Bakha became a victim of the so ciety who has high aspirations of life which have been suppressed not only the customs and traditions but also by the dirty politics and Government. Bakha is seen, saved by the man emerged out in the end of the Novel like a real God in the form of Gandhi who has started the remedial works of the society not by the mere talks and philosophies but by the real implementation of the ideas he has. However in the real life who will be a benefactor person of these downtrodden and exploited people. This is a total responsibility of the Government and administrative people who are observing and enjoying the joyful moments just like an reference of a circus that need a complete meditation on this particular subject to take reforming steps in relation to this harsh reality. In the second Novel Coolie we can notice the same anguish scenario but with a different view.Munoo, hero of the Novel reveals real social conditions but not through a single day of his life but through the full-fledge life that might be a great trick of the writer not only to develop the discourse of the character of poor Munoo, but the silence and mum that is still prevalent and ever last among the heartless and unkind society as well as the administrative people even after the death of an innocent boy Munoo. This is not a single teenage boy who lives a hell-like life, is sacrificed on the altar of social treatment and Governments indifference towards this burning social dilemma but there are many teenagers sacrifice themselves in the same manner which can create a shocking result which is merely unimaginative for the whole globe. poornessPoverty is considered to be the first and foremost root cause of being exploitation of the teenagers. Poverty is one of the major issues, attracting the attention of sociologists and economists. It is such a situation in which a person fails to maintain a living standard adequate for a comfortable lifestyle. Poverty plays a significant role in the ecesis of publi c policy and has a centre of attraction to the National Policy Agenda forever five decades. Though India boasts of a high economic crop it is shameful that there is still large scale of poverty in India.Poverty in India can be defined as a situation when a certain section of people are unable to fulfill their basic needs. India has the worlds largest rate of poor people living in a single country. Out of its total population of more than 1 billion, 350 to 400 million people are living below the poverty line. Nearly 75% of the poor people are in rural areas, most of them are daily wagers, landless labourers and self employed house holders. The same scenario of anguish as presented in the Novel can be seen in the present societyThe outcastes colony was a group of mud-walled houses that clustered together in two rows.there lived the scavengers, the leather-workers, the washer men, the barbers, the water- carriers, the grass-cutters and other outcastes from Hindu society. A brook ran near the lane, once with crystal- clear water, now soiled by the dirt and filth of the public latrines situated about it, the ordour of the hides and skins of brain dead carcasses left to dry on its banks, the dung of donkeys, sheep, horses, cows and buffaloes heaped up to be made into fuel cakes, and the biting, choking, pungent fumes that oozed from its sides (Anand 1).Social divisionThis great touching major problem of the society came into existence when the Hindu society has been divided. That is why it is the main root or origin of this problem. Hindu society has traditionally been categorize into four classes, called Varnas the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and the Shudras. The first belonging to this Varna is called Brahmanas. Their function is to learn and to make share of the learning and to preserve the eternal knowledge of the race. The Brahmins are devoted to their works of precept and preaching. Kshatriya is the one who belongs to Kshatra varna. This is the forms the military defense group, the martial class and administration of the society. They contain administrative and wielding political power and ruled the states.The Vaishyas are divided into the category of farming and business and that is the reason why they were pre-occupied with the works of selling goods to the others. Vaisya is the creative class of the society, and their primary occupations are trading and business and they are called merchants. Shudra is the lowest in the traditional four-section division in the Hindu caste system. The Shudras have classically lived lives of service. Slaves were often classified as Shudras, as were leatherworkers, blacksmiths, maids, cooks, and so forth. They have typically not been accorded the same rights as higher castes, forced to use different temples and public facilities. Thus the Gita declares The work of the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras is divided according to qualities born of their own inner nature (Wikipedia 1) .Some relieving solutionsCommon education systemEvery child and citizen of India is eligible to get equal type of education. As we know parallel education system created by upper class and the rich people but limited to these classes only. We can say that this system is totally based on class and caste. Kothari flush (1964-66) has presented the common school education system both for the poor and rich people. Almost all political leaders, upper class administrators support this system. But the infinitesimal children and teenagers are sent to the private schools and English medium schools that charge high fees which are not affordable for the poor, down trodden and exploited class.It is very noticeable that neither State Government nor the commutation Government has succeeded to cease these schools and will not dare for the same in the future also. Although the Government has opened a number of schools for the underprivileged and exploited class, how many benefits they got still no w? The Government runs schools for the poor people like Bakha and Munoo but practically failed to make the major part of the deprived people educated. The reason also may be a lack of awareness among the down trodden people or a lack of Government policy.In one of the incidents of the novel Untouchable, we can observe that Bakha, at the British Barracks, shows his extreme wish of being educated to his uncle and he also weeps for it. His father tells him that schools and education institutions are made for the sahibs only not for the downtrodden and exploited class. In this way, we can rightly observe the lack of common education system at the time of British still continues today also. The same education discrimination is prevalent in the recent age.It is very clear that the upper class and rich people who are the holders of high degrees and well educated come in contact with the poor and exploited class and impose them to be abused. Because they are all illiterate and do not have d egrees for getting good jobs just like the high class people which pathetic circumstances after all direct them to a single path of leading life and that is exploitation alone. The problem of social, economical and educational inequality can be solved only when the Government takes over the management of all the non-governmental schools by making necessary laws in this connection. In the near future if it is not done, the problem of inequality in all the reason will remain same as present time.There is an intimate kinship between education and life. Education is the one tool that can drive one from the world of several exploitations and abuses to the world of equality.* Incentives to needy families to send their children to school regularly till they reach the age of 17 or 18. * Pre-metric and post-metric scholarship evasion for children of families employed in occupations such as scavenging. All children of such families, regardless of incomes, will be covered by the scheme. * Pr ovision of remedial courses to improve their lead and prospect for further education. * The recruitment of teachers from the low-castes who are being the target of exploitations. * Increasing of residential schools, including ashram schools should be established in a large numbers so that the parents can take care of their children very well.* The curriculum of education should be designed by keeping an eye on both rich and poor classes and as a device to encourage children and teenagers to get educated. * To provide them an education loan of a small amount without a single penny engross which provides in muster to make their children educated and employed. * The state should not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion, caste, race, sex by keeping in foreland traditions and customs at school or colleges or any institution of learning. * Primary and secondary should provide education irrespective of cast and creed.Anti-poverty programmesThe most important compone nt of eliminating of the exploitation of teenagers is the socio-economic and anti-poverty programmes meant for the families socially and economically handicapped ready to sacrifice their children only for monetary significance. Gujarat is one of the most growing states of India now-a-days. Though the state is underdeveloped in all the directions, it is facing much more problems simultaneously one of them is poverty.The Chief Minister of this state launched state-wide Abhiyan of Garib Kalyan Mela from Amreli which is the first major step taken in the whole India to reduce poverty. It has been announced of organizing around 50 Garib Kalyan Mela across the State, providing economic assistance to the poor and marginalized people. One of its essential objectives of this programme is to provide financial help which is the source of all the harms of the exploited and deprived people. Nearly forty thousand people, including slum dwellers and citizens Below Poverty Line (BPL) of Visnagar un der this programme attained a full economical assistance at the Garib Kalyan Melo.However, the elimination or eradication of the poverty in India has not reached to a definite estimated level because of indifference of Central Government of India towards the reality of poverty. Such programmes related to poverty must be organized nationally to bend each state in these activities. Central Government of India totally failed to be conscious of the severe conditions of poverty. Present central Government need to be sensitized the administration so that such programmmes can get a start to lead actives and inspiration which have already started in a single state or two.In short, the schemes or programmes for reducing poverty as considered the first and primary source exploitation should be introduced and updated time to time by the central Government. On one side children and teenagers are considered to be the power and strength of the near future. On the other side, this social evil of e xploitation is increasing day by day and taking its magnitude form. The day will come when half population of the children and teenagers will be exploited in India and these situations will create a great obstacle in the development of the nation. Therefore everyone should admit this harsh reality which cannot be cast off from its root unless and until the government is awake and show seriousness.ReferencesAnand, Mulk. Untouchable. Pune Mehta Publication, 2003. Print.Anand, Mulk. Coolie. Noida N.p. Penguin Books India, 1993. Print.Kreis, Steven. Lecture on Modern European Intellectual History KarlMarx 1818-188. The History Guide. N.p. 30 Jan. 2008. Web. 11Nov.2010.Varna (Hinduism). Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2010.

The long term effects of playing football Essay Example for Free

The long term effects of playing football EssayWhen people think approximately football they think its glitz, glamour, and a support of amazement because youre doing what you want and youre getting paid for it. Though that is part of football there are more parts to it that people dont really think about too much. There are three points of football that conform to from playing the game and they are the rich, glitzy, famous part. The part that travels to forward games and has long practices that keep you away from your family. Then there is the anguish and stress factor, which is probably the biggest effect.One obvious positive that comes from playing the game of football is all the perks that come with it. As a kid there are dreams of doing something like this and indeed it comes true that alone is amazing. You get paid an incredible amount of money that you really did not strike to get an education for. People know and love personalities that play football and its even c ome apart if you are a well-known star. Restaurants invite you in to wipe out for free and clothing companies give you their merchandise in exchange for publicity. This would really seem like it is the life.Then there is the traveling aspect of this deal that is make where in a way a life is signed away. A team is competing to be the best in their sport and there are some sacrifices that have to be made in order to achieve that goal. There forget be grueling practices up to 6 days a calendar week and the day that you are not practicing you are doing your job, playing a game. That you have to travel to play away games will leave you homesick. That training with this team will take up most of your day a family could be dismantled. All this being away from family and loved ones can really take a terms on a personal life. A good effect that comes from traveling is seeing new places. Putting yourself in new environments keeps you well rounded.The last and I think most crucial effect that comes from football is the stress and anguish. That football is such a pressure game it could cause many psychological problems. agony about so many different things at once can cause you to stress out. For example you have to remember over 100 plays and if you induct forgetting or messing them up the coach can pull you out for a couple plays or even the game. Also intermitting itself in this is theI have to better than him motive, which means the thoughts of taking performance enhancing drugs. Taking these drugs can cause major thought and anguish in the long run. If the decision is made to take them then if caught you will be all over the news and fined which will tarnish peoples respect for you.In conclusion there are many effects that come from playing the game of football and all of them are not good as implicated in this essay. Whether it is the glamour, the traveling, and the stress. Fortunately this essay focuses more on the harder aspects so if you do want to get in to pro football there are a lot more things waiting for you.

Explain why Jews may observe the Sabbath in different ways Essay Example for Free

Explain why Jews whitethorn observe the Sabbath in different ways EssayIn Judaism there are musical compositiony divisions of Jews and their faiths. However, there are two main sub-divisions that all Jews will fit into unless they are only Jews by race and not by faith (Secular) although these Jews may carry on the traditions of their ancestors. The sub-divisions are Progressive Jews and Orthodox Jews.Orthodox canful be translated from ancient Greek as meaning idol given/ right hand Belief, Orthodox Jews are those who are very strict observers of the Torah and rules regarding Jewish celebrations. Due to the ways in which society has changed since the torah has written, the orthodox Jews try to find ways of fulfilling the Torah in their society.The orthodox Jews believe that the Torah is the exact word of God as given to Moses who carved out the 10 commandments. The orthodox Jews believe that Moses was only secretary to God and what is written in the Torah is exactly Gods w ords from Mount Sinai. This makes it very important for orthodox Jews to keep all 613 mitzvot.As a result of this strict by-line of the law means that the orthodox Jews have strict ways of following the Sabbath. On this day they will always eat Kosher meals, as at all other times in the year, they will not drive a car, this is thought to resemble lighting a fire- forbid to do on Sabbath in Torah, and this can be seen because the car parks at Orthodox Synagogues are always closed during Shabbat.The Jews will also not be allowed to cook, preserve or turn on lights as the Torah forbids that any creative work may be done at Shabbat because as God rested on this day then why should the Jews work. The above three examples are forbidden because they either result in fire being made, which is not allowed, or can have a creative effect, i.e. letter to politician. Other everyday happenings not allowed are turning on/ watching television and driving a car. These are both because they use ele ctricity or petrol and so mean a flame being created to start them.Progressive Jews are those that have blue off from the orthodox Jewish community. Their main difference to the orthodox Jews is that they do not believe that the Torah is the exact word of God. However, Progressive Jews are still as strict about moral laws for the community but less concerned about ritual laws. Progressive Jews believe that as the rules have been intended for man then the ancient rabbis have written the Torah.They also believe that Judaism should change in order to accommodate modern society and so each times of Jews should choose their own laws to follow. For example, some Progressive Jews qualification choose not to follow the Kosher laws and eat food products that Progressive Jews who do follow Kosher, would not, such as pork and bacon. (Jewish law believes the pig to be an ratty animal and so does not allow Jews to eat its meat, or that of any other unclean animal.)As a result of their diffe rent beliefs in the Torah the Progressive Jews will probably be less strict with their laws on Shabbat. Some progressive Jews might not follow kosher meals although many still will. Others will still drive to work, light a lamp or write a letter. The items that are forbidden in the Talmud are known as Melachah, which translates as work, this is because Jews are supposed to abstain from work on the Sabbath.Another main difference would be in the Synagogue. The service would often be in the vernacular language, whereas in orthodox synagogues the service is often in Hebrew, women would sit with men and sometimes there may be a female rabbi.However even with these difference s the fundamentals of Orthodox and Progressive Jews is the same. These are the family and the centrality of the Sabbath to the continuation of the Jewish faith.

Bulgaria: High Internet penetration potential for e-commerce

Bulgaria High net penetration effectiveness for e-commerceCourseworkinManagement FuturesExecutive SummaryThe aim of this melodic theme is to evaluate the opportunity for organic evolution of e-commerce in Bulgaria. The report will examine if t here is demand for e-commerce in Bulgaria, if e-commerce might be restricted in several(prenominal) way and if it will be profit suitable for businesses.This will be achieved by examining the Internet penetration in Bulgaria, its future growth and former(a) corresponding selective information and statistics. Advantages and Disadvantages as wellspring as a SWOT analysis of e-commerce in will be discussed to evaluate the potential of it in the Bulgarian market.A abbreviated description of the issue investigatedThe Internet is a global internet connecting millions of computers. much than deoxycytidine monophosphate countries ar linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. It exists since 1957 and was found by the Advanced explore Projects Agency of the US department of defense.In Bulgaria, Internet usage has grown signifi send packingtly especially for the work seven or eight years, but it exists since 1989. It is in the main(prenominal) put into practice for communication and for searching of information. It has give-up the ghost a actually useful tool, which is part of nations daily lives not however in Bulgaria but wastefulnessively all some(prenominal)place the world.Due to the ability of the Internet to reach a medium-large add together of people in all corners of the world, it has decease a rigorous for electronic trading, too cognise as e-commerce. E-commerce is the trade of products and services by means of the Internet or other computer communicates. E-commerce is very favorite in developed countries. It exists since 1991 and since then has grown considerably. It has become a very convenient way to purchase goods and services online in the free fourth dimension without wasting time to travel to difference stores and having 24-hour access. E-commerce exists in Bulgaria too, but it is still on a very low level even though the Internet has unitary of the superior user growths in the European Union. In the period amidst 2000 and 2007 the Internet in Bulgaria has grown with 412 %. The fast user growth in Bulgaria and the large destiny of active users online is a great opportunity for Bulgarian businesses to reach a vast amount of customer online where they can start offering their products and services. This way they would not notwithstanding reach more potential customers locally, but will also get the opportunity to expand abroad if demand spreads.Relevant Statistics for BulgariaThe Internet has become a retractable part of most households in Bulgaria. Surveillances show that the bend of people who use Internet actively has increased by 100% for the last three years. Today, around 2600000 people, more that 33% of the population uses Internet at home a nd work. However, statistics also show that almost 80% of the population can acquire Internet access when needed.The main purpose it is used for is for communication, e.g. e-mail, chat and Internet calls and for searching of information, e.g. job search, current news. Despite the rapid growth of the look of the Internet provided and the increase in Internet users, Bulgaria still is one of the countries with lowest positions for e-commerce. According to the National Statistical Institute, from 50% of the Internet users searching for goods and services online, only 7.6% have made a purchase. Thus every second Internet user has searched for goods online but did not find what they were looking for.Thirty thousand people have prosecuten part in a survey through by Nielsen Online about the optimizing of online products. The research shows that 60% of the Internet users ar aged between 18 and 35 and 22% of the participants have stated that they have income high uper than 1000 levs. Th is is a relatively high salary for this country. The age range, which is predominant consisting of youthfulness people who tend to be high consumers. Young people who atomic number 18 still students, ar very good at tormenting their parents for receiving what they want, on the other give-up the ghost the ones who have graduated and have started working tend to spend their wages for satisfying their wants. Statistics also show that 2/3 of the Internet users are engaged and the rest are mostly students.The main problem with online shopping for most Internet users is the threat of information theft, especially financial information. In computing it is known as phishing. Phising is an attempt to criminally and fraudulently acquire sensitive information, much(prenominal) as usernames, paywords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Most like targets are online banks and e-commerce businesses that allow online requitals lik e Paypal and E-Pay for Bulgaria. However statistics for E-Pay show that in 2008 transactions per month done through e-pay are on average between 10 and 11 million levs. This is a relatively high transaction rate for the country, but most of these transactions are done for paying bills other than for purchasing of goods. An advantage for online shopping in Bulgaria is that goods can be paid at the time of delivery, which is a way that people who are afraid to pay online would prefer.Products that are most often offered online in Bulgaria are books, office stationary and electronic devices (phones, cameras), which is a very limited offering of products. However, Bulgarian e-commerce should have a very promising future if it develops. For now in Bulgaria, most online shoppers rely on the e-commerce from abroad. Businesses in Bulgaria are missing on a great deal of potential customers overdue to the lapse of offering their products online. According to statistics of Visa International, during 2005 the volume of e-payments of Bulgarians with Visa in the Internet had increased with almost 100%. The join appreciate of the online transactions made to virtual traders outside the country is 14.3 million US dollars. E-trade has a very good opportunity to grow in Bulgaria since the online users are constantly increasing and have the desire to explore new prospects that the internet might offer to them.Consumerism in Bulgaria is likely to increase rapidly too, due to the stintingal growth in the country, since its entrance in the EU. However Euro Stat has registered high inflation of 13.4% at the moment, which might slow down the economicalal growth. According to the European committee even slow the economic growth will continue in Bulgaria.An outline of the analysis undertakenAccording to the data show above the development of e-commerce in Bulgaria seems promising due to the combination of the following trendsBulgaria has a high sample of potential of online customer s, as 30% of its population use Internet actively and 80% can have Internet access when needed. People can have access at home, work and in public Internet cafes.50% of the Internet users are interested in buying goods online. For 2005 Bulgarians have spend more than $14 million online, buying product from other countries.Most Internet users in Bulgaria are educated people with relatively high income.The economic state in Bulgaria is going to ameliorate in the future, which is a good bastardly for the growth of consumerism.According to the SWOT analysis-undertaken e-commerce has a lot of strengths for both customers and business, which should be considered. E-trade is convenient for both becauseIt is fast as there is no need to go outside, travel, visit different shops and compare prices.Easy as the shopping can be done in the comfort of your own home with a a couple of(prenominal) clicks.Cheap as the online offering of product can be less costly for businesses, which gives them t he chance to offer more competitive prices for consumers.Consumers can choose from millions of products, which are all displayed on their computer.Businesses can online only sell their products by displaying them online, but also advertise them further, as consumers can easily find them.One impress weakness that has arisen in the Bulgarian e-trade was the legislation included in the Law for Protection of Consumer, which stated that the person who delivers the product doesnt have the right to receive payment in advance before the period of 7 days. This caused major difficulties for both buyers and sellers. Therefore a correction in the law followed, it stated that the person who delivers could take this payment with the consumers agreement. Maybe this law should be investigated further but for now existing e-commerce organisations do not have a problem doing their business online.More trends can be useful to examine the potential demand for e-commerce businesses. A research on what products Internet user would prefer to buy online, can alleviate specific businesses balance their advantages and disadvantages for undertaking the step to sell online. as well as some of the trends found might not be very realistic due to the dainty number of sample marketed. However over all if the economy in Bulgaria grows and people have more disposable income, e-commerce will be a success, as it will safe people time and money, and give profit to business.A discussion of the main findingsFrom the findings above I can derive that e-commerce business has the potential to grow fast like it has grown in more developed countries all over the world. E-trade can offer companies the advantage of reaching their customers 24-7 and globally. Businesses can also diminish costs by advertising online for less and eliminating the need for large warehouse buildings for storing and displaying their stock. Another great advantage is the opportunity Internet gives for gaining a large number o f contacts, which can lead to positive business developments and ventures.Word count 1913ReferenceDave Site (no date) History of Internet. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//www.davesite.com/webstation/net-history.shtmlDir.bg (2008) One tierce of the Internet users are in Sofia. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//sofia.dir.bg/2008/05/13/news2987502.htmlE-commerce land (no date) History of e-commerce. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//www.ecommerce-land.com/history_ecommerce.htmlEcon (2008) Economic growth in our country will remain one of the highest in Europe. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//www.econ.bg/news/article140523.htmlE-pay (2008) Statistics for payment in E-pay. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from https//www.epay.bg/?varlet=frontHYPERLINK https//www.epay.bg/?page=frontp=front_wikiwpage=statsHYPERLINK https//www.epay.bg/?page=frontp=front_wikiwpage=statsp=front_wikiHYPERLINK https//www.epay.bg/?page=frontp=front_wikiwpage=statsHYPERLINK https//www.epay.bg/?page=frontp=fr ont_wikiwpage=statswpage=statsE-shop BG (2003) E-trade in Bulgaria. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from www.abcbg.com/download/eshop-13nov2003.pptEuroStat (2008) Newsletter. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from hHYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ gate/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008ttp//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259HYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008HYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008_dad=portalHYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008HYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008_schema=PORTALHYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_sch ema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008HYPERLINK http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259_dad=portal_schema=PORTALp_product_code=LN-042008p_product_code=LN-042008Internet Reklama (2006) E-trade increases twice. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//internetreklama.com/bulgaria/ecommerce-bg-x2/Internet reklama (2007) 2.6 million internet users in Bulgaria. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//internetreklama.com/internet/2600000/Internet reklama (2008) National Statistics Institute for Internet in Bulgaria. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//internetreklama.com/bulgaria/nsi-2008/Internet reklama (2008) National Statistics Institute for Internet in Bulgaria. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//internetreklama.com/bulgaria/nsi-2008/Internet reklama2 (2007) They resolved the advanced payments. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//internetreklama.com/internet/e-trade/e-computerworld/Internet world stats (2008) European Union internet users. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htmSega (2008) One third of the Internet users are in Sofia. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2971HYPERLINK http//www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2971sectionid=24id=0001403HYPERLINK http//www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2971sectionid=24id=0001403sectionid=24HYPERLINK http//www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2971sectionid=24id=0001403HYPERLINK http//www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?issueid=2971sectionid=24id=0001403id=0001403Timeline (no date) Internet history. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//timeline.hit.bg/Webopedia (no date) Internet. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//webopedia.internet.com/TERM/I/Internet.htmlWikipedia (no date) Phising. Retrieved on 16 May 2008 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhishingZoom-Online (no date) What is e-commerce advantages and draw backs. Retrieved on 15 May 2008 from http//www.zoom-online.co.uk/e-commerce/what_is_ecommerce_advantag es_and_drawbacks.htmlAppendicesAppendix 1InternetUsageintheEuropeanUnionEUROPEANHYPERLINK http//www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htmUNIONPopulation(2007Est.)InternetUsers,LatestDataPenetration(%Population)Usage%inEUUserGrowth(2000-2007)Austria8,199,7834,650,00056.7%1.7%121.4%Belgium10,392,2265,100,00049.1%1.9%155.0%Bulgaria7,322,8582,200,00030.0%0.8%411.6%Cyprus788,457356,00045.2%0.1%197.2%CzechHYPERLINK http//www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htmczRepublic10,228,7445,100,00049.9%1.9%410.0%Denmark5,468,1203,762,50068.8%1.4%92.9%Estonia1,315,912760,00057.8%0.3%107.3%Finland5,238,4603,286,00062.7%1.2%70.5%France63,718,18734,851,83554.7%12.8%310.0%Germany82,400,99653,240,11564.6%19.5%121.8%Greece10,706,2903,800,00035.5%1.4%280.0%Hungary9,956,1083,500,00035.2%1.3%389.5%Ireland4,109,0862,060,00050.1%0.8%162.8%Italy58,147,73333,143,15257.0%12.1%151.1%Latvia2,259,8101,070,80047.4%0.4%613.9%Lithuania3,575,4391,221,70034.2%0.4%443.0%Luxembourg480,222339,00070.6%0.1%239.0%Malta401,880127,200 31.7%0.0%218.0%Netherlands16,570,61314,544,40087.8%5.3%272.9%Poland38,518,24111,400,00029.6%4.2%307.1%Portugal10,642,8367,782,76073.1%2.8%211.3%Romania22,276,0567,000,00031.4%2.6%775.0%Slovakia5,447,5022,500,00045.9%0.9%284.6%Slovenia2,009,2451,250,00062.2%0.5%316.9%Spain40,448,19122,843,91556.5%8.4%324.0%Sweden9,031,0886,981,20077.3%2.6%72.5% fall inHYPERLINK http//www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htmukKingdom60,776,23840,362,84266.4%14.8%162.1%EuropeanUnion490,430,321273,234,61955.7%100.0%189.5%Source Internet world stats (2008)Malaysia S Transportation Sector SWOT AnalysisMalaysia S Transportation Sector SWOT AnalysisA scan of the internal and international environment is a main part of the strategic planning. Environmental factors internal to the firm generally can be classified as strength (S) or weakness (W) and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as SWOT analysis.STREN GTHSMalaysia is Multi-Racial Malaysia is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic ships company and opens to each one.The 3 main cultures, Malay, Chinese and Indian create an interesting Malayan society yet still leave it open for other cultures to meet and thrive.In Malaysia, you will experience the Malay, Chinese and Indian festivals, food, literature, clothing, religion and culture.Affordable Healthcare Healthcare in Malaysia is world-class and more affordable compared to the United States. Doctors and hospitals have the same standard or superior to American doctors and hospitals and care is world-renowned.Healthcare is good in Malaysia. It is one of the top destinations for medical tourism.In Malaysia, you can only visualize how good your healthcare options will be.Education Malaysias bringing up system is mainly based on the British system and it is better than some other countries in the piece such as Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.Compulsory subjects include English and Malay, so an y children has to grow up fluent in both languages. residual of Language English is the language spoken by most people in Malaysia.When a person moves to Malaysia, he does not have to suffer by the local language to get things done and the life becomes easier for them. acquire a house, a car, set up utilities, furniture and household items, everything is easier due to beingness able to deal with things in English.Good Infrastructure Malaysia has a world-class root and the Roads are excellent.The water supply, drain systems and power grids are stable and telecommunication including phones and internet are phenomenal.Living and Working in Malaysia for western expatriate is made even easier due to its western-standard infrastructure.OPPORTUNITIESMalaysias strong emerging economy is a pet destination for foreign companies and a fertile ground for local businesses to flourish. In this thriving, business environment job opportunities are created to attract both local as well as foreig n talents. There are huge opportunities here and it is often only a matter of getting the right working permit.For Non-Malaysians it is require to convince your potential employer that they help you to get the essential paper work completed in the case of applicable working permit, expatriates a full, a perpetration that an employer may be reluctant to make until they are confident that the appointment is going to work out. In Malaysia there is a strong demand here for quality candidates with good qualifications and experience.Managerial positions in development, energy, business and engineering corporations are often the typical option for the relocated worker in Malaysia.The private education sector is excellent in Malaysia, with a number of reputed international institutions, diversified and extensive courses offering and high quality, internationally recognized standards, and featuring the British, German and French curricula as common options.When coming to the food industry of Malaysia, internationally aware individuals have been able to run fashionable, niche and successful activities combining gourmet cuisine, design, care for the details, and providing customers with an b embrocateers suit experiential moment. Malaysians inexhaustible passion for food and adventure have made food industry a vibrant sector.Hospitality, Tourism and management is also enjoying a renaissance in Malaysia by offering five-star stays spot providing boutique and heritage experiences like nowhere else on Earth.National Chambers of Commerce in Malaysia give opportunity to connect with companies interested in hiring people with international expertise and experience.WEAKNESSESLack of Medical Tourism Strict guidelines implemented for medical advertisement. In Malaysia doctors are only allowed to put up ads with the following information- name, address, qualifications, and telephone numbers. The Medicines Advertisement Board in Malaysia must approve even websites of medical in stitutions. Thus the medical tourism industry of Malaysia lacks in impressive promotional activities and impressive websites.Inconvenient social visit pass process The procedures for extension of the social visit pass in Malaysia are very inconvenience and can be very difficult. It is required to complete an application form and the applicant must submit it on with his/her passport and confirmed flight rag to the home country personally. Obviously such requirements make it impossible to be fulfilled by a person admitted in a hospital, such as in the case of a medical tourist.Lack of coordination Lack of a coordinated effort between air passage operators, hotels and hospitals to promote the industry and lack of uniform pricing policies and standards across hospitals in Malaysia.Weak policy Malaysian policy states that an individual entity is not permitted to transport an excess of 1,000 Ringgits outside of the country without government approval. While this act has not hindered tr ade, it has certainly weakened the credibility of the Negara Malaysia Bank (the countries national bank) as an international financier.Limited salary to retailers The low estimated cost of living is sustained by the Malaysian government through subsides on essential items, such as gasoline, bread, rice, etc. Prices on these items are kept well under market value which although good for the consumer hinders any further competitive pricing by retailers, thus limiting profit.Lacking in multimedia research development hub Despite the creation of a world-class infrastructure, the government of Malaysia has not been successful in realizing its original aim of creating a street smart multimedia research and development hub.Rising costs For creating such a successful service industry around the world, Malaysia had to sacrifice other industries along the way. Malaysia is number three in the service industry. The increase in criminal activities related to this industry is causing a rise in the cost to prevent such crime.Favoritism for Malays Roughly 65% of the population of Malaysia consists of Malays. Government perks favor Malays and other indigenous races to the determent of minorities, who provide a better level of economic activity. These factors have a long-term impact on the economy, by alienating minorities who contribute to economic growth. Those minorities are more likely to move to more favorable countries that value their expertise and economic contributions.Discriminatory Policies in Economy The discrimination issues the government maintains in Malaysia over non-Malays, is an economic concern.Despite some improvement in the economic power of Malay people, the Malaysian government maintains a policy of discrimination favoring ethnic Malays over other races-including preferential treatment in education, employment, business, scholarships, access to cheaper lodgement and assisted savings. This special kind of treatment has sparked envy and resentment betwe en Malays and Non- Malays.Discrimination issues tend to provoke conflict between the groups involved in the racist practices. Commerce between the two groups may decrease, which may cause a decrease in overall economic activity. Discrimination also limits human seat of government when available to do certain jobs. Limitations in general lead to less efficient uses of natural or human resources in an economy.Critical level of degeneration Corruption in Malaysia has reached a critical level as the country falls in international rankings, a graft watchdog announced monition the government to act or lose its competitiveness.The UNs Asia-Pacific Human Development Report highlighted an International Country Risk Guide finding which saw Malaysia decline from a score of 4.00 in year 1996 to 2.38 in year 2006, with a lower score showing greater corruption.Corrupt political systems tend to weaken economic growth, because they indirectly charge additional taxes on the economy. Every paymen t to a corrupt officer to obtain a service is considered a tax. The more taxes on a economic system, the lower economic growth, because resources are shifted away from highly efficient parts of the economy to less efficient and corrupt parts of the economy.ThreatsMalaysia, being a trading nation that highly dependent on international trade, the economic performance is very vulnerable to the performance of the major international trading partners. For decades, the economic growth has been overly reliant on international trade, external sector developments and foreign direct investment (FDI).In view of the challenges that arise from the globalisation effects, it is important for the Malaysian Government to sustain growth and strengthen the macro-economic fundamentals within the country. This can be done by focusing on national business and industrial activities and increasing the purchasing power of our population. The governments incorporate reforms and fiscal policies have to b e continued to create a condition suitable for a speedy recovery and sustainable growth.It is also important to ensure that the restructured loans remain performing. Importance must be placed on continuing improvements on transparency, corporate governance and strict enforcement of powers by the market regulators. The country also needs to maintain its peaceful environment and security to secure the investors confidence.Currently, most of exports of Malaysia are for the United States. Thus, the successful recovery of the US economy is pivotal to Malaysias continuing recovery. Due to current stagnation in the US economy, the electronic chip industry is a damper on economic recovery in Malaysia where electronics related exports make up more than 30% of the gross domestic product.River pollution Pollution is one the largest threats to the rivers. The reduction in river water quality is a clear indicator of the decline in the environmental health of a river basin.Palm Oil merchandise D estroys Forest Environmental group protests are making it difficult to expand production of palm crude oil plantations, so firms have to slow their growth and shit a new, more sustainable, method to increase Palm Oil.Threats and boycotts will lead to less demand for products containing palm oil, which will hurt the price of palm oil as a commodity.Swine Flu VirusSwine flu (the H1N1 virus) is added to the list of potential threats. Malaysia have downgraded their forecast for tourist arrivals accordingly.Malaysia reported its first fatal case of swine flu with the death of an Indonesian student, officials. The 30-year-old man, who was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus, died from cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.TRANSPORTATION SECTORIn Malaysia transport was started developing during British colonial rule, and its transport network is now developed and diverse. Malaysias road system begun during British colonization and it covers about 63,445 km. The main pathway that reac hes the Thai border from Singapore covers a distance of over 800 km. Within the city, the Light Rail Transit (LRT) is available to help meet Malaysias need for mobility that is reliable, safe, comfortable and predictable.Peninsular Malaysia have high quality network of roads, while the East Malaysian road system is not as well developed. In Peninsular Malaysia the main modes of transport are trains, buses, cars and to an extent airplanes.Malaysias small railroad system is less significant than its roads and is confined primarily to the peninsula, where it runs from the southern tip (where it is connected to Singapore) northward to the border with Thailand.Malaysias first light-rail transport was started in Kuala Lumpur in 1996. After that, several monorail and express lines have opened in the Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.In East Malaysia and especially in Sarawak river transport is of great importance. In addition, Malaysias well-disposed and long coastlines have fostered mariti me trade for more than a millennium. Several ports, notably Penang on the Strait of Malacca and Port Kelang (the principal port) have become major container-handling facilities.Air transport has grown very rapidly as the passenger traffic has increased especially on the peninsula. Almost all Malaysian states are connected with an internal air network. Airports in Kota Kinabalu, Penang and Kuching have limited international service.LAND TRANSPORTRoadsMalaysias road network covers 98,721 kilometers , of which 80,280 kilometers is paved, and 1,821 kilometers is expressways. The longest highway the North-South Expressway of the country extends over 800 kilometers between the Singapore and Thai border.TrainsThe inter city, countrywide, traditional KTMB rail network and the inner city, light rail transit network are the two types of train network in Malaysia. The KTMB service serves the entire country of Malaysia by travelling between major cities and also up into Thailand.RailwaysThe ra ilroad system covers a total of 1,849 kilometers (1,149 mi). 1,792 kilometers (1,113 mi) of it is narrow gauge, while 57 kilometers (35 mi) is standard gauge. 150 kilometers (93 mi) of narrow gauge tracks and all the standard gauge tracks are electrified. rarefied Light Rail Transit systems are used in some cities such as Kuala Lumpur which are relatively inexpensive.MY Rapid is a company that runs the main public transportation system in KL. They provide Monorail, Putra and Star LRT and RapidKL buses.BusesFor travel between Singapore, Penang and KL, the services of coach in Malaysia are difficult to beat. Fares are well priced at roughly RM 50 RM 60 for KL-Penang and just under RM 100 for luxury coaches from KL-Singapore.The best services also provide drink, food and entertainment for the journey. Buying tickets in Malaysia works out much cheaper than buying them in Singapore. Therefore, if it needs travelling from KL to Singapore and back again, surely purchase a return ticket f rom the Malaysian side.The buses offer pre-recorded commentary in eight different languages and stop at 22 designated stops around the city.TaxisDrivers very well know very well the city geography and are able to find shortcuts when the inevitable traffic builds up.It is compulsory for taxi drivers to use their built-in meter to calculate the grapple. Flag-off fare is RM3 with an additional 10 cents for every 115 meters thereafter. The taxis caught in a traffic jam charge the fare RM3 for the first three minutes and 10 cents for every subsequent 21 seconds.Penang Rickshaw, PenangIn Penang, locals called their rickshaw as Beca in Malay language.Most locals are taking buses and taxi in the island. Due to modern infrastructure the number of rickshaws in the city is reducing. All of these rickshaws have special permit from the government. Currently, Penang has less than 200 rickshaws on its streets mainly to ride tourists to nearby attractions within the city. urine TRANSPORTWaterwaysM alaysia has 7,200 kilometers (4,474 mi) of waterways, most of them rivers. Of this, 3,200 kilometers (1,988 mi) are in Peninsular Malaysia, 2500 kilometers (1553 mi) are in Sarawak and 1,500 kilometers (932 mi) are in Sabah.Information on Sea TransportationMany pop island destinations like Pangkor, Langkawi, Tioman and Redang are linked to the mainland by ferry services and other smaller islands are accessible by fishing boats, which may be chartered. ferry services are also available from Belungkor, Tanjung, Desaru, Kukup, Johor Bahru Duty Free Zone and Sebana Cove (all in Johor) to the neighboring islands in the south and from Butterworth to Penang.There are a number of cruise liners which call on Malaysian ports. One of which, Star Cruises is Malaysian-owned and operated.Ports and harborsThis is a list of Malaysian ports and harborsBintuluKota KinabaluKuantanKemamanKuchingKudatLabuanLahad DatuLumutMiriPasir GudangGeorge Town, PenangPort DicksonPort KlangSandakanSibuTanjung Berha laTanjung KidurongTawauTanjung PelepasFerryThe ferries carry light vehicles on bottom deck and pedestrian on top level. The bottom is shared by 4 wheelers and two wheelers. The cars onboard the ferry occupy the front part followed by the motorcycles. The ferry has 2 toilets for male and female and one mini counter selling snacks and drinks on the upper level. PipelinesMalaysia has 3 kilometers (2 mi) of condensate pipeline, 1,965 kilometers (1,221 mi) of gas pipeline, 31 kilometers (19 mi) of oil pipeline, and 114 kilometers (71 mi) of refined products pipelines.AIR TRANSPORTIn Malaysia, airlines are separated into two1) Passenger airlines2) Cargo airlines.The Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) is well known in the region and is known as one of the more modern airports in the world. With other international airports in Kota Kinabalu, Kuching and Penang, domestic airports are also available in Malaysia.Also a Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) is designed specifically for low co st carriers by KLIA and it is located 20km from the main terminal.Air Asia is the most popular budget airline in Asia and is based in Malaysia. Air Asia flies to many locations regionally and also domestically.Air transport is crucial for the distribution of high value to weight products. Air freight may only account for 0.5% of the tons of global trade with the rest of the world, but it makes up around 34.6% of the total in terms of value. Shippers pay airlines MYR 8.0 billion annually to carry 805,000 tons of freight to, from and within Malaysia. The benefit to the shippers is estimated as MYR 3.3 billion in excess of this expenditure. base on these share of exports Malaysian shippers receive over half of this benefit (MYR 1.9 billion).Malaysia Airlines currently flies to many places worldwide and provides access to other states within both East Malaysia and Peninsular Malaysia.

The Origins and History of Punk Fashion

The Origins and History of Punk FashionThe time and birth focalise of Punk movement is debatable. Either the New York scene of the late mid-sixties or the British Punks of 1975-76 give the sack be given the honour. Convention apiece(prenominal)y, it is thought the New Yorkers invented the medical specialtyal means while the Lond iodinrs popularized the attitude and the appearance. For our purpose, we get out comely watch oer the British meretricious beca do it was just in the late s purgeties that the movement gained some importance and homunculusalization.Punk in Britain was a movement essentially make of deprived adding-class white youths. There is a strong connection amidst the chinchy phenomenon and the economic and social inequalities in Great Britain. The aim of this work is to show where the stumper came from and how the movement developed its own style, quite distinguishable from any opposite else, up to making it a proper invent recognise worldwide.In the f ist chapter, it will be introduced the concept of sub close. The punk was in circumstance one of the many white youth subculture sparkled after the Second demesne War. It will be explained why youth subcultures emerged and they will be delineated the main features of some of them.A deep analysis of Punk movement origins will be carried out in the second chapter. Here it will be possible to understand the social reasons which led to the human race of punk and the many different sources of style which contri scarcelyed to the formation of a punk artistic.The main feature of the punk aesthetic, then, will be exposed and commented in the third chapter. This chapter focus on the use of shocking and glowering clothes and accessories as a authority of rebellion against the mainstream and the society.In the fourth chapter, it will be discussed the role of media in the spread and word smell out of the punk subculture. As we will see in this chapter, little by little media changed attit ude toward punk. There was a shift from fear to integration of punks which can be explained with the analysis of 2 forms of incorporation, the commodity form and the ideological form. Yet in this chapter, it will be presented on of the main pillar of the punk ideology, the Do It Yourself (DIY) philosophy, which influenced everything in the punk subculture from the music to the fashion.In the fifth chapter, then, it will be drawn the story of what can be considered the real birthplace of the punk fashion, the 430 Kings Road, where Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLargonn started their careers. It will be delineated the evolution of the different shops that followed each other at this address and, what is more important, the evolution of the styles proposed by these shops which became the point of reference for the some important punk fashion addicted.In the sixth and last chapter, finally, it will be pointed out how the commodity form of incorporation struck the punk do it fashion available and accepted by the vast public. The 1977 couture collection of Zandra inspired to punks may be identified as the final blow for a sensitive punk style and the beginning of its exploitation as a fashion trend.From that time on many fashion designers inspired to a punk aesthetic for their collections. Recently the whole fashion system seems to energise rediscovered the punk From Jean-Paul Gaultier to Moschino up to low-cost retailers as Zara or HM.Chapter 1Youth subculturesThe source of styleThe endpoint subculture came up for the source time around the second half of the 1940s in anthropological and sociological writing. As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style (hot jazz at the time) and interpreted it in harmony with subversive values. Thus the audience manipulates the product (and hence the producer), no less than the other federal agency round (Riesman, 1950).From that time on, many different studies were carried out and unhomogeneous interpretations on the meaning and the function of the subcultures were given by estimated individualalities as John Clarke, Phil Cohen, Walter Miller, Matza and Sykes, Peter Willmott and Stuart Hall.In particular, Dick Hebdige gave one of the biggest contributions to the study of subcultures in his 1979 book Subculture the signification of style which encompasses all theories from the above mentionated authors and uses them to analyze the youth subcultures. From hipsters to teddy boys, from skinheads to mods, from glitter judderers to punks, the youth cultural styles consecution is here reinterpreted, reposing on Gramscis nonion of hegemony, as symbolic forms of resistance as spectacular symptoms of a wider more familiarly submerged dissent which characterized the whole post-war period (Hebdige, 1979)The origins of youth subcultures are, thus, to be give after the Second World War when the traditional patterns of everyday life were staring(a)ly upturned. The emergence of the mass media, modifications in the structure of the family and in the organization of teach and work, shifts in the relative burdens of work and leisure, all contributed in fragmenting and polarizing the working-class lodge. In this contest, also the role and the relative importance of the working-class youth go through a deep change their purchasing power enormously increased (during the period 1945-50 it was estimated that the average real wage of teenagers increased at twice the adults rate) and, consequently, it was created a virgin youth market in order to reach up the resulting surplus.From then on, the youth started to ex crush out and impose its own identity against the levyal one. According to Cohen youth subcultures can be specify as a compromise solution between two contradictionary needs The need to create and ex undertake autonomy and leavi ng from sustains and the need to maintain the parental identifications (Cohen, 1972). That is to say, the latent function of subculture was to express and resolve, albeit magically, the contradictions which remain hidden or unresolved in the parent culture (Cohen, 1972)As Hebdige pointed out, skinheads, for instance, doubtlessly reasserted those values associated with the traditional working-class community, but they did so in the face of the widespread renunciation of those values in the parent culture at a time when such an affirmation of the classic concerns of working- class life was considered inappropriate(Hebdige, 1979). besides it is also the case of mods in fact they were negotiating changes and contradictions which were simultaneously affecting the parent culture but they were doing so in terms of their own relatively autonomous problematic by inventing an elsewhere (the week-end, the West set aside) which was defined against the familiar locales of the home, the pub , the working-mans club, the neighbourhood (Hebdige, 1979).Nevertheless, we must be careful in stressing the importance of integration and coherence between youth and parent culture because one of the most relevant feature in the definition of a subculture is its dissonance and discontinuity with the most largely accepted culture. This is particularly explicit if we take in consideration the punk subculture.As Hebdige writes in fact we should be hard pressed to find in the punk subculture, for instance, any symbolic attempts to retrieve some of the socially cohesive elements destroyed in the parent culture (Cohen, 1972) beyond the simple fact of cohesion itself the expression of a highly structured, visible, tightly bounded pigeonholing identity. Rather, the punks seemed to be parodying the alienation and emptiness which pee ca utilize sociologists so much concern, realizing in a deliberate and wilful fashion the direst predictions of the most scathing social critics, and celebr ating in a mock-heroic terms the death of the community and collapse of traditional forms of meaning. all the corresponding if each subculture strives to be different and unique among other ones, they all share a common feature they are all cultures of conspicuous consumption. This term indicates the practice of abnormally spending on healthys and services with the main objective of flaunting the belonging to a social status, a particular chemical group or, as in this case, to a specific subculture. It is through the distinctive rituals of consumption, through style, that the subculture at once reveals its secret identity and communicates its forbidden meanings. It is basically the way in which commodities are utilize in subculture which marks the subculture off from the more orthodox cultural formations. (Hebdige, 1979).The style can be defined as the self-image that a individual creates representing his or her personality. Style, however, is non built at an individual level but it is strongly dictated by the subculture rules. Everyone severalizeing in a specific subculture is unconsciously agonistic in the adoption, use, dissemination, and the rejection of a certain style of garments or withal acting. That because of the so-called social pressure the behaviour of a single person is so much link to the influence exerted by the social groups that the individual identity muddles up with the collective identity. Accordingly, the identity of the individual is recognized just as his or her membership to the reference group is recognized and accepted by all other members. In this contest, the apparel assumes a key role becoming the most evident sign of affiliation and, thus, one of the principal mean of social avowal. Considering the clothing in the sense of a common communication code, it becomes important to identify the symbolic value of different clothes. Actually, they always carry a message about the style of a group, and to a more precise analysis , they can ordinate us everything we need to know about norms and values of a specific group and even about its formation processes.Thus, the apparel adopted by a subculture should not be seen as a transient fashion but as a visual image of what are the values and norms characterizing that specific subculture and distinguishing it from parent culture and from the other youth subculture too, and inasmuch symbolic representation, it needs to be carefully analyzed to be properly interpreted.Chapter 2The Punk a Mix of involved youth stylesI can play punk rock, and I love playing punk rock, but I was into every other style of music before I played punk rock.(Travis Baker)This quotation from one of the most famed punk-rock drummer of the recent years well summarizes what was the punk movements tailground.Punks origins are blended and even conflicting, coming from a wide range of different musical and fashion styles.Influenced by David Bowie and glitter rock, combined with the main feat ures of Southend rb rhythms, inspired by American proto-punk, twisted with northern soul and with reggae, the punk can be described as a patchwork made of distorted reflections coming from almost every preliminary post-war youth culture stuck together with safety pins. (Jon Savage, 2007)It is like punk unearthing and renewing entire wardrobes belonging to different ages with the aim of proposing them in revitalized mangle form.Glam rock contributed narcissism, nihilism and gender confusion. American punk offered a minimalist aesthetic (e.g. the Ramones Pinhead or Crimes I stupid), the cult of the street and a druthers for self-laceration. Northern Soul (a genuinely secret subculture of working-class youngsters dedicated to acrobatic dancing and fast American soul of the 60s, which centres on clubs like Wigan Casino) brought its subterranean tradition of fast, jerky rhythms, solo spring styles and amphetamines reggae its exotic and dangerous aura or forbidden identity, its consci ence, its dread and its cool. Native rhythm n blues reinforced the flashiness and the speed of Northern Soul, took back to the basics and contributed a highly developed iconoclasm, a thoroughly British person and an extremely selective appropriation of the rock n roll heritage. (Hebdige, 1979)However, the link between these so heterogeneous styles is to be found in the social contest in which the punk movement emerged. We are dealing with the late 1970s in Britain, with its massive unemployment, with its continuous warlike violence episodes (as ,for instance, the tragic one happened during the 76 Notting Hill Carnival to which the punk group The Clash dedicated the melody White riot), with its changing moral standards and its rediscovery of poverty.It was exactly in this period that the race relations became fundamental. On the one hand, there was the urban black youths, living and working in Britain but dreaming and finding an imaginary refuge in an elsewhere (Africa, the West In dies, etc.) through the reggae and the Rastafarianism. On the other hand, there was the white working-class youth, placed at the same social level as the black ones but stuck in their present time, having no predictable future and no places or means to escape the reality. In fact, the model proposed by the glam rock made of literary influences (from Rimbaud, Burroughs, Lautramont and Huysmans) and underground cinema, focused on the concepts of polymorphism, unregenerate sexuality and obsessive individualism resulted too remote from the majority of working-class youth.They were imprisoned in a vicious circle. They felt as aliens, rejected not only by the rest of the world but also by the any existent music genre. They had no reference models, no hopes for the future and uncomplete perspectives of improvement. Therefore, they started to act out alienation, to mime its imagined condition, to manufacture a whole series of subjective correlatives for the official archetypes of the cri sis of modern life the unemployment figures, the Depression, the Westway, Television, etc. (Hebdige, 1979)The awareness of this crisis led to the metempsychosis of what was an inner malaise into tangible icons (the safety pins, the ripped clothes, the spikes, the hungry look, the combat boots, etc.) reflecting in an enhanced way the perceived condition of exile and alienation, which is, nevertheless, voluntarily pretended.Punks, thus, moved back to earlier, more vigorous forms of rock (i.e. the 50s and the mid-60s when the black influences had been strongest) and forward to contemporary reggae(dub, Bob Marley) in order to find a music which reflected more adequately their sense of frustration and oppression. (Hebdige, 1979). They saw in Rastafarian history of exile a point of contact and it was exactly for this reason it was the only accepted subculture alternative to punk. Richard Hell, a punk musician, interviewed in the popular music magazine New Musical Express declared, punks are niggers (NME, 29 October 1977). An inevitably feisty claim but it is asserting(a) of what was the real situation at that time. As Hebdige writes, the punk can be seen in part as white translation of black ethnicity. (Hebdige, 1979)In addition, this candid identification with black British and the West Indian tradition was a way to oppose actively to teddy boys, their hated rivals. In fact, punks used to characterize and wear elements from the teddy boys style and it was perceived as an outrage by the teddy boy revivalists because they felt as punks stealing and fooling their way of clothing and, in a sense, their predilectionls. Punk style was perhaps interpreted by the teddy boys as an affront to the traditional working-class values of forthrightness, plain bringing and sexual Puritanism which they had endorsed and revived (Hebdige, 1979). Concrete evidences of this tension between the two subcultures could be found every Saturday afternoon in the summer of 1977 along Kin gs Road where punctually a throng of punks and teds met to fight.Therefore, Reggae, notwithstanding its apparent distance from punk music, started to be present in a number of repertoires of punk bands as The Clash, The Slits, The Jam, and many others. In the majority of punk clubs, they used to play regularly heavy reggae music between live acts and, moreover, the song Punky Reggae Party by Bob Marley The Wailers, is the evident and overwhelming proof of this contamination.Chapter 3Punks rebellion through styleRebellion is the heart of the punk subculture. Rebellion against society, rebellion against social inequalities, rebellion, in last instance, against conformism. Everything the punks did, everything they wore, dance to, fight for, everything can be consider as punk has the only aim of convey a message of nonconformity. Conformity can be defined as a change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people. (Aronso n, 1972)Therefore, punks rebellion was essentially against the prevailing modes of thought what common people took for granted that is to say the necessity to have a good and certain job, the blame on homosexuality, the mistrust in other race, it was simply not accepted as the only and the best code of conduct.However, punks were young, poor, and completely lost in effectively struggling for changing the reality. Therefore, the only weapon they found to react was to transform themselves in directly offensive and threatening beings.Punks, like previous post-war youth subculture such as teddy boys, the mods, the rockers, the skinheads, the beats, the zoot suiters, and the hippies created, a coherent and elaborate system of body adornment that expressed their estrangement from mainstream society and that horrified the general public. Having little access to dominant means of discourse, punks displayed their disaffiliation and their subcultural identity through such adornment, which was for them an accessible and direct channel of communication. By manipulating the standard codes of adornment in socially exceptionable ways punks challenged the accepted categories of everyday dress and disrupted the codes and conventions of daily life (Wojick,1995)Early punks, probably unconsciously, used most of the rebellion techniques typical of the early avant-gardists different fashions, the blurring of boundaries between art and every day life, juxtapositions of seemingly disparate objects and behaviours, intentional provocation of the audience, use of unstrained performers and drastic reorganization (or disorganization) of accepted performance styles and routine (OHara,1999)In this contest, it is not surprisingly that the main features of punk fashion were so extremely impressive and shocking.Objects borrowed form the most sordid of contexts found a place in the punks ensembles lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests encased in plastic bin-liners. Safe ty-pins were taken put of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome or cognomennts through the cheek, ear or lip. Cheap trashy fabrics (PVC, plastic lurex, etc.) in vulgar designs (e.g. mock leopard skin) and nasty colours, long cast away by the quality end of the fashion industry as obsolete kitsch, were salvaged by the punks and turned into garments (fly boy drainpipes, common miniskirts) which offered self-conscious commentaries on the notions of modernity and taste.(Hebdige, 1979)Even the conventional ideas of beauty and attractiveness were refused. Hair was dyed with bright colours and straightened up in spikes and Mohawk. Body piercing degenerated in self-mutilation studs and pins prinked eyebrows, cheeks, nose and lips.Make-up was used by both boys and girls in a massive and impressive way cosmetics became as paint to be used in creating alien masks to hide behind. As Hebdige argued, beneath the clownish make-up there lurked the unaccepted and disfigured face of ca pitalism.Claiming to be anarchists and nihilists, punks felt free to offend as many people as they could. They wore terrorist/guerrilla outfits, directly offensive tee shirt covered in swear words or fake blood, along with desecrated religious object and sexually deviant accessories.The perverse and the abnormal were valued intrinsically. In particular, the illicit iconography of sexual fetishism was used to predictable effect. Rapist masks and rubber wear, leather bodices and fishnet stocking, fantastically pointed stiletto heeled shoes, the whole paraphernalia of bondage the belts, straps and chains were exhumed from the boudoir, closet and pornographic film and placed on the street were they retained their forbidden connotations. Some young punks even donned the dirty raincoat the most prosaic symbol of sexual kinkiness- and hence expressed their deviance in suitably proletarian terms. (Hebdige, 1979)For the first wave punks, each adornment used had a precise meaning The safe ty pins and bin liners, for instance, symbolized a material and spiritual poverty in an exaggerated form, which could be really experienced or just acted out.In other words, the safety pins, etc. enacted that transition from real to symbolic scarcity which Paul Piccone (1969) has described as the movement from avoid stomachs to empty spirits and therefore an empty life notwithstanding the chrome and the plastic of the lifestyle of bourgeois society. (Hebdige, 1979)One of the most controversial symbol used by punks were surely the swastika. This symbol was made available to the punks through Bowie and Lou Reeds Berlin phase. It evoked a decadent and evil Germany, an idea of no future strictly linked to the punks mood. Therefore, it had nothing to do with the Nazisms ideology in the punks vision. Quite the opposite, punks firmly supported the anti-fascism and anti-racism movement. In the punk wear, the swastika lost its classic meaning and it was worn just because it was guaranteed to shock.Conventionally, the swastika has always signified enemy and hate, and to be hated is exactly what punks wanted.Chapter 4Role of media and DIYAs it was showed previously, punk was surely a spectacular subculture and it would have been very difficult for media not to pay attention to it.Although many others groups had paved the way for punk through 1975, it was not until the advent of the Sex Pistols that punk began to take shape as a noticeable style for the vast public. TheNew Musical Expressgave theSex Pistolstheir first music press coverage in the 21 February 1976 for their performance at the Marquee. From then on punk rock began to attract critical attention of the specialized press, and criticism from all the rest of the world. good panic began emerging clamant after the accident happened at the punk festival at 100 Club in Soho in the September of the same year, when a girl was partially blinded by flying beer glass. Punks were angry, wore absurd and offensive clothes and openly claimed they wanted to fight the society and to be heated. It is not surprising that in few months all the British press was focused on this new subculture frightening the middle class.Punk was described as a big social problem and the deviant and anti-social act (as vandalism, swearing, fighting etc.) did nothing but worsen the situation. Their style was used as counter-evidence of the danger they correspond They infringed the sartorial codes in the same way they disrupted the civil and social codes they dress in an inhuman way because they are beasts acting as animals without moral.Therefore, punks were demonized in the press and depicted as folk devils. They were a threat to adjure before it led to a degeneracy of all British youth concerts were cancelled, the Sex Pistols song God save the Queen was banned by British radios, and moral barricades were raised by editors, politicians and other right-thinking people. However, nothing of the above could stop the punk move ments diffusion. For the first time in the history, there was an attempt by a working-class youth subculture to provide an alternative critical space within the subculture itself to counteract the antipathetic ore at least ideologically inflected coverage which punk was receiving in the media. (Hebdige, 1979)An alternative punk press was created the fanzines. Punk fanzines were non-professional and nonofficial journals edited by an individual or a small group consisting of reviews, editorials and interviews with the most important exponents of the punk scene. These publications were produced on a small scale as cheaply as possible and distributed through a small number of sympathetic retail outlets.The language in which the various manifestos were framed was determinedly working class (i.e. it was liberally peppered with swear words) and typewriting errors and grammatical mistakes, misspellings and jumbled pagination were left uncorrected in the final proof. Those corrections and c rossings out that were made before publication were left to be decrypt by the reader. The overwhelming impression was one of urgency and immediacy, of a paper produced in indecent haste, of memos from the front line. (Hebdige, 1979)The fanzines are one of the most notable expressions of the punks Do It Yourself (DIY) concept. TheDIY ethic, in general terms,refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are more experienced or able complete them for you. The DIY ethic is tied topunk ideologyandanti consumerism, as a rejection of the need to purchase items or use existing systems or processes.Sniffin Glue, the first fanzine and the one which achieved the highest circulation, contained perhaps the single most inspired item of propaganda produced by the subculture the definitive statement of punks do- it -your self philosophy- a diagram showing three finger positions on the neck of a guitar over the caption Heres one chord, heres two more, now form your band. (Hebdige, 1979)Nevertheless, the Do it yourself philosophy was not confined just in the press world.Emerging punk bands began to record their music, produce albums and merchandise, distribute their works and often performedbasement showsinresidentialhomes rather than at traditionalvenue, in this way they could to avoidcorporate sponsorship and to secure freedom in performance.To be honest, these rising bands had no many other choices because most of venues tended to evade moreexperimental music, and so houses were often the only places at which they were allowed to play.Obviously, also punk fashion followed the DIY ideology The clothes suited the lifestyle of those with limited cash due to unemployment and the general low-income schoolhouse leavers. Punks cut up old clothes from charity and thrift shops, destroyed the fabric and refashioned outfits creating a very innovative way of clothing never existed before.This stylistic innovation attracted the medias attention provoking two different responses In the fashion pages, the newness and the creativity of the punk fashion began to be not only accepted but also celebrated, while there was a big part of the British press still stigmatizing the punk as ridiculous and offensive.Starting from an initial credenza by the fashion magazines, little by little all media began a sort of process of recuperation and incorporation of the punk obviously, young punks still represented a deviant way of living but the medias attitude, and so of the whole society as well, slowly shifted from a demonizing approach to an exorcising approach.This was made, as Hebdige explains, throughout two different formsThe ideological form and the commodity formA Ideological formThrough this form, media tried to neutralize the differences between punks and common people. Young punks family assumed a new role.The punks tended to be resituated by the press in the family, perhaps because members of the subculture deliberately obscured their origins, refused the family and willingly played the part of folk devil, presenting themselves as pure objects, as villainous clowns. . For whatever reason, the inevitable glut of articles gleefully denouncing the latest punk outrage was counter-balanced by an equal number of items devoted to the small detail of punk family life. (Hebdige, 1979)During the summer of 1977, several articles were published on punk babies, punk-ted weddings and on a lot of other common daily situations involving punks and with titles like Punks have mothers too They advertise us a few home truths (Woman, 15 April 1978) or Punks and Mothers (Woman s Own, 15 October 1977)All these articles served to minimize the Otherness so stridently proclaimed in punk style, and defined the subculture in precisely those terms which it sought most vehemently to resist and deny (Hebdige, 1979)B Commodity formThis second form of incorporation is the most interesting for the purposes of this re search. It is trough this form that subcultural signs (clothes, music etc.) are driven to the conversion into mass-produced objects. Therefore, it is here the key to understand how the punk way of clothing, born from the rebellion against the whole society and characterised from the beginning by an anti-fashion attitude, could be transformed and largely exploited as a proper fashion trend.But first to get to this, it will be necessary to draw the story of what could be consider the cradle of punk fashion The 430, Kings Road.Chapter 5430, Kings RoadEverything started in the October 1971 when Malcolm McLaren and his art-school friend Patrick Casey opened, here in the heart of the Chelsea district, a small stand in the back room of a shop called Paradise Garage. They sold at time original rock n roll vinyl records, specialized music magazines, vintage items from the 1950s and some garment.The young McLaren was convinced that music and fashion were two inseparable things and so, when in 1971 he obtained the proprietary rights on the store, he renamed it Let It Rock and transformed it in a clothing store stocked up with second-hand and new teddy boy clothes designed by his girlfriend Vivienne Westwood.The shop wavy iron facade was painted black with the stores name written in pink letters, while the interior followed the typical stylish period details, such as the so-called Odeon wallpapers. Westwoods designs sold in the shop were hideous and outlandish, inspired by bikers, fetishists and prostitutes. Brothel creeper shoes, drape coats, and skin-tight trousers were designed by Vivienne Westwood (but also by McLaren itself) and then made up by an East End tailor and by a local seamstress. One of the most representative example of the kind of garments sold in this first-phase Let It Rock is the Bones T-shirt Using chicken bones acquired from a local takeaway, Westwood boiled and drilled the bones and attached them with chains and studs to spell keywords such as Roc k and Perv. The idea originated in the skull and crossbones of the bikers, but it gave the garment a primitive, talismanic power. 1Nothing similar ever appeared in the entire fashion world scene the store with its creation attract the attention of the international press, from the Rolling Stone to certain Japanese magazines.It was a real success but McLaren was not completely satisfied with the style of the shop their main customers were teddy boys and he had huge problems with them.For these reason the next year, he travelled to New York for a boutique fair where he met the emergent American rock band the New York Dolls. It was here he started to take his first steps in the rock music system. In fact he took over their management, he dressed them in red leather clothes supplied by his London store and promoted them using Soviet iconography. The Dolls broke up curtly after, but served their purpose as a dry run for the management style he would soon deploy to spectacula

Examining The Sharia Law Religion Essay

Examining The Sharia legal philosophy Religion EssayFor each, we have appointed a divine law and a traced-out way. Had divinity fudge willed, He could have make you one community. But that He may try you by that which He has given you. So vie one with another in good works. Unto God you will all in all return, and He will wherefore inform you of that wherein you differ. record, 548IntroductionAfter the tragic events of 9/11, Islam has predominantly been under change magnitude enquiry and scrutiny. The status of women has been targeted greatly, often labelling Islam as oppressive towards women.HistoryIn Arabic, Sharia literally means the way to the watering hole, symbolically meaning that in the harsh and difficult environment of the Arabian desert, following the path to the watering hole would ensure survival. Hence, in a religious context, if the Sharia was followed devotedly then it would lead the faithful into a pleasurable afterlife.Sharia Law (or Islamic Law) is found up t wo foundations The al-Quran which Muslims believe to be the direct tidings of God sent follow through from nonp atomic number 18il Gabriel to the seer Mohammed. The second foundation is the hadith and Haddith.The Sharia is un-codified yet systematic legal system. Un-codified because it has not been written down or collected to create one or more authoritative legal manuals, but nevertheless it is systematic because it is a comprehensible system of doctrines based on religious beliefs.It is essential to understand that although the Sharia is systematic legal system, it does not have clear and well defined sets of rules and regulations that freighter be advantageously applied to real life situations. This is where the role of the Ulama (religious scholars) is vital, because they are ones who dedicate their lives to studying the Sharia and therefore gain the authority to interpret the Sharia to unthaw legal problems and apply it to real life situations.As the scholar Knut S. V ikor describesThe Sharia is best understood as a shared opinion of the Islamic community, based on a literature that is extensive, but not necessarily coherent or authorized by any single body.Believers of Islam believe that the vaticinator Mohammed (c. 570 632) was the last and great of the Prophets that God has sent to reveal the Holy Quran. They believe that his teachings complement and clarify the messages of earlier prophets whose message were held to be distorted or lost over the years. The Prophet Mohammed is regard as the ultimate role model and his life is an example to Muslims on how the ideal Islamic life should be lead but they do not worship him. On the contrary, they believe from the Holy Quran, that Angel Gabriel revealed verbally to the Prophet Mohammed, that God is omnipotent, unique, ascribing no infractners and no equal, thus Muslims never treat the Prophet as a Divinity.Prophet Mohammed was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around c. 570. As he became older, he bec ame a trader and by the age of 25 he married Khadija bint Khuwaylid, a rich businesswoman who was 15 years his senior. In around 610, Mohammed was meditating alone in a cave and according to Haddith complied by al-Bukhari, Angel Gabriel in the form of a man appeared before the Prophet. Gabriel ordered Mohammed Recite Mohammed replied I am not able to read. The angel then gave him a bone-crushing spread over that it reached the limit of his overthrowurance and then released him. Again the angel ordered him Recite Mohammed again replied I am not able to read. After a third base embrace and release, the angel ordered Mohammed Recite Mohammed then recited the followingRecite in the name of thy Lord who created-created man from clots of blood.Recite Your Lord is the Most large-minded One, who bythe pen taught man what he did not know.This then was the first revelation of the Holy Quran which later formed the first opening verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the Quran. It took a period of 23 years for the entire revelation of the Holy Quran to form as we know it today. According to Muslims, they believe that the Prophet himself was nonreader and therefore his literate followers would write the revelations with whatever they could place their hands on, pieces of paper, stones, palm-leaves, shoulder-blades, ribs, and bits of leather. An authoritative version of the Quran was produced after the Prophets death in 632.The QuranThe Quran consists of 144 Surahs which, instead of being placed in chronological order, they are grouped in order of their length where the longer chapters at the beginning and shorter chapters towards the end (with the exception of the opening chapter Al-Fathia).And although the basis of Sharia comes partly from the Holy Quran, in actuality it does not contain many exact rules of law. According to the scholar Mohammed Hashim Kamali, he reason out that less than 3 percent of the Holy Quran actually dealt with legal matters. These findings were al so corroborated with another scholar by the name of N.J. Coulson who also concluded thatThe Quran is in no sense a comprehensive legal code. No more than 80 verses deal strictly with legal matters while these verses cover a wide range of topics and introduce many novel rules, their general effect is simply to modify the existing Arabian customary law in plastered important particulars.Despite the low numbers of legal commands from the Quran itself, it is the legal principles in which the Holy Quran brings forward that creates the fundamental nature of Sharia Law and that Muslims jurists draw from the moral and ethical values, which forms the Islamic message that comes from the Holy Quran, to make judgements and informed opinions on many legal matters that the Quran does not cover.For example, the main foundation that is seen throughout the Holy Quran is Justice (Adl) and this plays a central part in the Sharia. Adl literally means placing things in the right place where they belo ng. The Sharia tries to plunge Adl by adjudicating grievances and arbitrating disputes to the individuals involved, but also seeks to institute Adl as a whole throughout the community by establishing equilibrium of benefits and advantages in society.We sent our Messengers with evidences and revealed the Book and the equilibrise through them so as to establish justice among people 5725 Holy Quran.The Quranic standards of Justice are objective and irrespective of tribal, racial, national, national or religious backgrounds and differences. There at least fifty- three illustrations in the Holy Quran where people are addressed to be just to others at all levels, in personal or public affairs, in words and conducts, with friends or foes, Muslim or non-Muslim, all must be treated in paleness and with justice.O believers Stand out firmly for justice as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourself, your parents and relatives and whether it be against rich or poor. 4135 Holy Quran.And when you accost (make sure that you) speak with justice. 6152 Holy Quran.The Sharia does not only controls legal rights and responsibilities of the Muslim people, but it also provides moral guidance of life and gentle activity in general. Thus the Sharia is split into two main classifications Ibadat (devotional matters) and muamalat (civil transactions).Ibadat is the rules concerning matters and the relationship between man and God. It is important to note that these religious obligations are enjoin towards the individual and fall outside the scope of the courts jurisdiction.Whereas muamalat is concerned with the separation of the Right of God (haqq Allah which refers to the rights of the community or public rights) and the Right of Man (haqq al-abd which refers to private rights). infra the umbrella of Ibadat, there are the 5 legal pillars of Sharia a The testimony that there is no god but God and that Mohammed is the Messenger of God (Shahadatayn) b The instruction execution of prayer (Salat) c The payment of alms-tax (Zakhat) d The performance of pilgrimage (Hajj) and finally e fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm).Here Islam focuses in instilling qualities of justice, trustworthiness, and righteousness through these acts of devotion (Ibadat). Ibadat are part of educating the believer to refrain from causing harm to others and purifying the mind and heart from corruption, selfishness and over indulgence in material purists.Surely prayer keeps one away(p) from indecency and evil, and certainly the remembrance of God s the greatest (form of devotion) 2945 Holy Quran.Furthermore, performing Salat in congregation enforces the doctrine of unity, comparability and solidarity among worshipers. These doctrines are continually present in the rest of the legal pillars fasting, alms-tax, and the performance of the pilgrimage all teach self disciple, sacrifice, and sensitivity towards others. More importantly, there is a greater emphasis on teaching avoid ance of lying, degrading conduct, hypocrisy, oppression and so on.The hadith HaddithAfter the Holy Quran, the next authority of the Sharia is the Sunnah and Haddith. The Sunnah in Arabic is translated to the trodden path and is the teachings of Prophet Mohammed which contains the legal, religious and social duties of Islam. The Haddith is the traditions and sayings of the Prophet which was preserved by his closest Companions. The Haddith and Sunnah are both genuinely much intertwined and therefore extremely difficult to separate. The difference between the two is that the Haddith are based on the life of the Prophet Mohammed and therefore makes a biographical basis of Sharia Law. The Sunnah is then the formation of the religious, social and legal obligations initially deriving from the Haddith.There are several thousand Haddith collections, with al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875) are considered to be the most reliable Haddith collectors in Sunni Islam who liste d around 16,475 Haddith combined (which in their entirety exceeded half a million) . Shia Islam has four official collections of its own.The main criticism of these collections of Haddiths is that because it has been passed from times to generation, it could have been transmitted via a defective and interrupted chain of transmitters or it could be well known that the Haddith comes from an unreliable and untrustworthy transmitter and therefore the Haddith croup be deemed undependable as a source of law.FiqhFiqh is defined as a system created in accordance to the principles laid out by revelations and the Prophets example. It is a term often used together as equal to Sharia and but not necessarily the same. Where the Sharia comes from mainly divine revelations in the Quran, Sunnah and the Haddith, Fiqh comes from human understanding and knowledge that is developed by legal schools, individual jurists and judges through legal reasoning and issuing a legal verdict (fatwa).Thus Fiqh is described as mere superstructure and a practical manifestation of commitment to the values of morality and faith and as a result created a basic scheme and scale of values in which human conduct could be evaluated Obligatory (Wajib), Recommended (Mandub), Permissible (Mubah), Reprehensible (Makruh) and prohibit (Haram). Only the Obligatory and Forbidden categories of the scale are legal and actually derive from the Quran and Sunnah, whereas the other three are non-legal and supplementary to aid believers and promote moral virtues.Legal think by Analogy (Qiyas)Qiyas is the way in which Sunni legal scholars merchant ship apply traditional laws that derives from the Quran, Sunnah and Haddith by defining laws from a known ruling to a new ruling. (Shiite scholars on the other hand reject Qiyas as a source of law.) The best example that shows legal reasoning can be shown from the Quranic ruling on the prohibition of wine.Wine and games of chance, idols and divining arrows, are abomina tions devised by Satan. Avoid them, so that you may prosper. 590 Holy Quran.From this Quranic verse, we see the legal ruling on the consumption of wine and by analogy, if wine made from grapes are forbidden, then wine made from dates are forbidden as well, as it too can cause intoxication.We can deduct from this analogy by using the same Quranic verse that the use of narcotics are also illegal as it too can cause intoxication and so on.

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Essay -- Musicals Plays Beau

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast was an amazing musical, many say it was much go against than the movie. Just like the movie. It starts off in a faraway land, with the Young Prince who lived in a shining fortressd. The prince was spoiled, selfish and unkind. An grey-headed beggar woman came to the castle and offered him a single rose in return for shelter from the bitter cold. Repulsed by her haggard appearance, the Prince sneered at the gift and turned the old woman away. The old woman warned him not to be deceived by appearances, for beauty is to be found within. And when he sent her away again, the old womans ugliness melted away to wear out a beautiful enchantress. The Prince tried to apologise, but it was too late. As punishment, she transformed him into a hideous beast and placed a powerful spell on the castle and all who lived there. The Rose she had offered was truly an enchanted rose. If he could learn to love another and earn their love in return before the give way petal fell, the spell would be broken. If not, he would be doomed to remain a Beast for all time.In a little town, a youth girl by the name of belle arrives. The Towns people despite their admiration for Belles beauties think of Belle as odd and peculiar because of her favourite thing to do is to read. Gaston, a handsome, keen hunter who has fallen in love with Belle. Gaston is obsessed with belle marrying him and will not give up. Meanwhile, Belle slips away and goes home to...